• 대한가정학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.59-74
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• 1997

FACES II & III do not capture the high extremes of the dimension and are linear rather than curvilinear measure. FACES IV is the latest revision of FACES series and can capture two extreme dimension of Circumplex Model. The purpose of this study is to examine reliability and validity of reconstructed FACES using by FACES II, III, IV. Factor analysis showed that Cohesion and Adaptability consisted 3 factors (disengaged, connected, emmeshed/rigid, flexble, chaotic) Extremes on each dimension conceptually were opposite and they were uncorrelated with each other. FACES effectively predicted family function. Reliability coefficients of subscales ranged from 61~85 Reconstructed FACES had good internal consistency and construct and criterion related validity.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.205-219
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• 1997

FACES II & III did not capture high extremes of Cohesion and Adaptability dimension, and were linear rather than curvilinear measure. The purpose of this study was to examine reliability and validity of revised FACES using by FACES II,III,IV. Factor analysis showed that Cohesion and Adaptability dimension consisted each 3 factors(disengaged, connected, enmeshed / rigid, flexible, chaotic). Extremes on each dimension conceptually were opposite and they were uncorrelated with each other. Revised FACES effectively predicted family function. Reliability coefficients of subscales ranged form .68~.82. Revised FACES had good internal consistency, and construct and criterion related validity.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.599-608
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• 2002

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to test the validity and reliability of FACES III when applied to the only one and two family members, and to use more appropriately in the nursing practice. Method: Data were collected from 105 college students and 105 of their parents in two local nursing colleges. The original questionnaire, which was originally developed by Olson(1989), was modified by based on literature review and analyzed by correlation coefficient, Cronbach's α, Guttmans split coefficients and factor analysis. Result: Cronbach's αof the adaptability and cohesion were .77, .73(Guttmans split coefficient were .76, .71) when applied to the only one family member, and were .81, .77 (Guttmans split coefficient were .81, .77) when applied to two. The Pearson's correlation coefficient of the adaptability and cohesion between two family members were .38, .35. The total-item correlations of the other items except for items 5, 7, 13 were significant. The correlation coefficients between adaptability and cohesion when applied to only one and two were .30, .38(p < .01). When the data was analyzed by principle component analysis and Varimax rotation with the number of factors fixed to two, two factors explained 37.2% of total variance in the case of one member, and 42.2% of total variance in two. Conclusion: These results suggested that the concept and the construction validity of cohesion needed to be more clarified. Also It is required that the reliability and validity of FACES III should be tested in two more family members.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2012

Purpose: The golden ratio has been used for a long time to objectify and quantify 'beauty'. Dr. Marqurardt claims that the golden ratio can be applied in the maxillofacial field as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic significance of using a facial 'phi' mask for analyzing Korean faces with characteristics of Class I, II, and III malocclusion. Methods: We studied twenty five Korean celebrities' frontal facial photos (10 males, 15 females) and 90 malocclusion patients' frontal facial photos (30 patients in each malocclusion classification: Class I, Class II, and Class III). Patients who received orthodontic treatment at Samsung Medical Center were selected for this study. After superimposition of the selected facial photo and facial 'phi' mask using Adobe Photoshop CS3, the ratio of the entire facial area, mid facial area, lower facial area and horizontal and vertical lengths were measured. Results: The facial ratio in photos of Korean faces showed larger vertical and horizontal ratios than the facial 'phi' mask with golden ratio, regardless of skeletal malocclusion (entire face: 115%, lower face: 125% larger than the mask). The results of the frontal photos of Class I, II, and III malocclusion patients using facial 'phi' mask showed that the vertical length and frontal face area was more significantly influenced by the area of the lower face than the midface. This means that the lower face has larger proportions in the facial areas. Conclusion: The ratio of facial 'phi' mask is matched with the ideal facial appearance that the contemporary Korean general public is seeking. Thus, the facial 'phi' mask may be a convenient tool for esthetic analysis of Korean faces. Reducing the area of the lower face is esthetically more desirable for almost all Korean people when planning orthognathic surgery.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.317-325
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• 1999

골격성 III급 부정교합 환자의 정확한 진단과 분석에 있어서 삼차원적인 골격부조화의 양상이나 안면부조화의 원인을 파악하는 것은 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 정모 두부규격방사선 사진 상에서 나타나는 골격성 III급 부정교합자의 계측학적 특성을 파악하기 위하여, 양호한 안모와 교합을 가지는 성인 남녀 정상교합자 60명과 전후방적 부조화가 심한 III급 부정교합을 가지는 성인 남녀 60명을 대상으로 측모와 정모 두부규격방사선 사진의 투사도를 작성하여 안면폭경, 고경, 각각의 비율, 측모계측치에 대응되는 정모계측치의 비율을 구하였고, 각각의 계측치와 비율을 비교, 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 골격성 III급 부정교합자에서 골격의 전후방적 부조화는 정상군보다 상악골길이(Cd-A)가 짧은 것보다는 하악골길이(Cd-Gn)가 긴 것에 기인하였다. 2. 골격성 III급 부정교합자는 정상교합자보다 긴 안모를 가지는데, 이는 상안면고경(Cg-ANS)보다는 하안면 고경(ANS-Me), 특히 하악골 고경(Cd-Me)의 증가로 인한 것이었다. 3. 골격성 III급 부정교합자의 폭경은 단지 여자의 상$\cdot$하악 대구치간 폭경(U6-U6, L6-L6)과, 하악폭경(Ag-Ag)만 정상교합자보다 컸을 뿐, 이외 어떤 폭경항목도 정상과 차이가 없었다. 4.골격성 III급 부정교합자의 하악골 길이의 증가는 안모의 고경 특히 하안면 고경의 증가로 나타나지만, 하악골 폭경에서는 영향이 나타나지 않았다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.18-29
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• 2002

As the inaccuracy which was made in implant impression prevented passive fit, it needed to solder the sectioned framework at several locations to correct the inaccuracy. Many clinicians have suggested impression techniques which could make passive fit between implant and superstructure. The purpose of this research was to measure and compare the accuracy of three methods of taking impression with the strain amplifier. The experimental groups were classified as follows : Group I : splinted the two parts with $Futar^{(R)}D$ Occlusion. Group II : splinted the two parts with $DuraLay^{(R)}$. Group III ; didn't splint the two parts. The results were as follows ; 1. The values of strain in the vertical and horizontal surfaces were increased in the order of group I, group II and group III. 2. Group 1 showed higher accuracy of the duplicated casts in the vortical and horizontal sur faces than group II and group III (p<0.05). 3. There were no significant differences in the accuracy of the duplicated casts between group II and group III. From the above results, it is considered that the splinting method of impression copings could make an influence on the accuracy of the master casts. To improve the accuracy of the master casts, splinting the squared impression copings with the additional silicone occlusion materials is recommendable.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the position of impacted mandibular third molars in different skeletal facial types among a group of Iranian patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 400 mandibular third molars in 200 subjects with different types of facial growth were radiographically investigated for their positions according to their types of facial growth on the basis of the ${\beta}$ angle. The subjects were divided into three groups (class I, II, and III) according to ANB angle, representing the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla to the mandible. Meanwhile, the subjects were also divided into three groups (long, normal, and short face) according to the angle between the stella-nasion and mandibular plane (SNGoGn angle). ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean ${\beta}$ angle showed no significant difference among class I, II, and III malocclusions (df=2, F=0.669, p=0.513). The same results were also found in short, normal, and long faces (df=1.842, F=2, p=0.160). The mesioangular position was the most frequent one in almost all of the facial growth patterns. Distoangular and horizontal positions of impaction were not found in the subjects with class III and normal faces. In the long facial growth pattern, the frequency of vertical and distoangular positions were not different. Conclusion: In almost all of the skeletal facial types, the mesioangular impaction of the mandibular third molar was the most prevalent position, followed by the horizontal position. In addition, ${\beta}$ angle showed no significant difference in different types of facial growth.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.131-146
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• 1983

Faces of normal occlusion, open bite and class III malocclusion were measured using cephalogram in 190 male and female subjects. Using M.K.G., types of mandibular movement, amount of horizontal and vertical movement were studied in relation to occlusal types, and were compared with each other. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. Movement of protrusion was most different in relation to occlusal type. 2. In normal occlusion, maximal protrusion were horizontal 7.66mm, vertical 3.01mm in male, 6.41, 2.92mm respectively in female and maximal inferior position were -24.32, 33.63mm in male,-23.48, 32.27mm respectively in female. 3. Angle between maximal inferior position and horizontal plane were $53.51^{\circ}$ in male, $53.84^{\circ}$ in female. 4. Generally, amount of mandibular movement was greater in male than female. 5. In open bite, path of protrusion was nearly straight without curve $69.2\%$ in male, $70.2\%$ in female. 6. In class III malocclusion, angle and amount of protrusion were smaller than normal occlusion and path was directed anterior-superiorly in $22.7\%$. 7. There was no correlation coefficient between measurement of face and mandibular movement.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.113-119
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• 2016

Corrosion science faces new challenges in various nuclear environments. Three main areas may be identified where increases of knowledge and understanding have been done and are still needed to face the technical needs: (i) the extension of the service time of nuclear power plants from 40 years, as initially planned, to 60 years and probably more as expected now, (ii) the prediction of long term behaviour of metallic materials in nuclear waste disposal where the corrosion processes have to be predicted over large periods of time, some thousands years and more, (iii) the choice of materials for use at very high temperatures as expected in Generation IV power plants in environments like gas (helium), supercritical water, liquid metals or salts. Service time extension, deep geological waste repositories and high temperature reactors sustain researches and developments to model corrosion phenomena at various scales, from atoms to components.

• 아동학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.239-248
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between parent-adolescent communication, family cohesion and family adaptability perceived by Korean adolescents resident in Korea (K-K) and Korean adolescents resident in America (K-A). Subjects were selected from among middle and high school, undergraduate and graduate school students in Korea (N=555) and counterpart students in Los Angeles (N=296). The survey instruments were the Parent-Adolescent Communication Inventory (Barnes & Olson, 1982) and FACES III (Bell, Olson, & Partner, 1982). Major findings were that : (1) K-A adolescents engaged in open communication with their parents more than K-K adolescents. (2) K-A families communicated about their health and life styles more frequently than K-K families, while K-K families communicated about school problems and problems with friends more than K-A families. (3) In both groups, family cohesion was related to family adaptability. That is, when family cohesion was high, family adaptability was also high. (4) When communication styles were open, perceived family cohesion and adaptability was high.