• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.423-427
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• 2012

Purpose: The cerebellum is a region of brain structure that plays an important role in calibrating two different information of neural signal from descending motor commands and from ascending sensory inputs. Damage of the cerebellum shows a variety of classic motor symptoms such as postural and locomotor dysfunctions. Therefore, we tried to investigate motor function and skill in stroke patients with cerebellar lesions in sub-acute stage, and compare with these functions of patients with non-cerebellar lesions. Methods: Total twelve stroke patients with cerebellar lesion and 130 stroke patients with non-cerebellar lesions were retrospectively recruited in this study. For evaluation of motor strength, Motricity index (MI) for upper and lower limbs was tested. For measurement of motor skill function, the modified Brunnstrom classification (MBC), Manual function test (MFT), functional ambulatory category (FAC), and Barthel index were adopted. Results: In comparison of motor strength and motor skill function between two groups, statistical differences between the two groups were significantly observed only in upper MI and FAC. Although no significant differences were found in other variables, stroke patients with cerebellar lesion had higher scores in lower and total MI, MBC, and MFT, whereas they had lower scores in FAC and Barthel index. Conclusion: Our results showed that stroke patients with cerebellar lesion had greater impact on movement functions related to hand motor and walking ability in activities of daily life, compared with patients with non-cerebellar lesion, in spite of similar degree of motor function and skill between the two different lesioned-groups.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

Local wall thinning and integrity degradation caused by several mechanisms, such as flow accelerated corrosion (FAC), cavitation, flashing and/or liquid drop impingements, are a main concern in carbon steel piping systems of nuclear power plant in terms of safety and operability. Thinned pipe management program (TPMP) had been developed and optimized to reduce the possibility of unplanned shutdown and/or power reduction due to pipe failure caused by wall thinning in the secondary side piping system. This program also consists of several technical elements such as prediction of wear rate for each component, prioritization of components for inspection, thickness measurement, calculation of actual wear and wear rate for each component. Decision making is associated with replacement or continuous service for thinned pipe components. Establishment of long-term strategy based on diagnosis of plant condition regarding overall wall thinning is also essential part of the program. Prediction models of wall thinning caused by FAC had been established for 24 operating nuclear plants. Long term strategies to manage the thinned pipe component were prepared and applied to each unit, which was reflecting plant specific design, operation, and inspection history, so that the structural integrity of piping system can be maintained. An alternative integrity assessment criterion and a computer program for thinned piping items were developed for the first time in the world, which was directly applicable to the secondary piping system of nuclear power plant. The thinned pipe management program is applied to all domestic nuclear power plants as a standard procedure form so that it contributes to preventing an accident caused by FAC.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.176-178
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• 2000

The toxicity of muscle in pufferfish, Tikifugu vermicularis radiatus is known to be weak. However, no food poisoning has reported in this species although market consumption has been relatively high in Korea, especially on western coastal area. It presumes that there could be different toxicity in fish muscle of fresh and frozen specimens. In this regard, the frequency of toxic fish, the toxicity level in fresh and frozen fish as well as highest toxicity ann average toxicity were investigated. From the results, weak toxicity was detected in frozen fish muscle whereas no toxicity was measured in fresh fish. According to this, it is suggested that the toxicity of frozen and fresh fish must be tested simultaneously when tonicity of pufferfish is investigated. The above results implicate that toxicity of pufferfish may be due to the phsyical treatment such as freezing or thawing process.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1105-1110
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• 2011

Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) is a well-known phenomenon that may occur in piping and components. Most nuclear power plants have carbon-steel-pipe wall-thinning management programs in place to control FAC. However, various other erosion mechanisms may also occur in carbon-steel piping. The most common forms of erosion encountered (cavitation, flashing, Liquid Droplet Impingement Erosion (LDIE), and Solid Particle Erosion (SPE)), have caused wall thinning, leaks, and ruptures, and have resulted in unplanned shutdowns in utilities. In particular, the damage caused by LDIE is difficult to predict, and there has been no effort to protect piping from erosive damage. This paper presents an evaluation method for LDIE. It also includes the calculation results from prediction models, a review of the experimental results, and a comparison between the UT data in the damaged components and the results of the calculations and experiments.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.112-120
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the piping failure frequency for the main feedwater system in domestic nuclear power plants(NPPs) for the application to an in-service inspection(ISI), leak before break(LBB) concept, aging management program(AMP), and probabilistic safety analysis(PSA). First, a database was developed for piping failure events in domestic NPPs, and 23 domestic piping failure events were collected. Among the 23 events, 12 locations of wall thinning due to flow accelerated corrosion(FAC) were identified in the main feedwater system in 4 domestic WH 3-loop NPPs. Two types of the piping failure frequency such as the damage frequency and rupture frequency were considered in this study. The damage frequency was calculated from both the plant population data and damage(s) including crack, wall thinning, leak, and/or rupture, while the rupture frequency was estimated by using both the well-known Jeffreys method and a new method considering the degradation due to FAC. The results showed that the damage frequencies based on the number of the base metal piping susceptible to FAC ranged from $1.26{\times}10^{-3}/cr.yr\;to\;3.91{\times}10^{-3}/cr.yr$ for the main feedwater system of domestic WH 3-loop NPPs. The rupture frequencies obtained from the Jeffreys method for the main feedwater system were $1.01{\times}10^{-2}/cr.yr\;and\;4.54{\times}10^{-3}/cr.yr$ for the domestic WH 3-loop NPPs and all the other domestic PWR NPPs respectively, while those from the new method considering the degradation were higher than those from the Jeffreys method by about an order of one.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.356-366
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to compare gait ability through gait evaluations in indoor and outdoor environments according to the general characteristics and walking ability of stroke patients. Design: Crossed-sectional study. Methods: The subjects of this study were 57 hospitalized stroke patients.The study subjects were asked to select an indoor environment and an outdoor environment in random order, and the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), Figure-Eight Walk Test (F8WT) and the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) were used to assess each environment. Results: The TUG, 10MWT, F8WT time and number of steps, and FGA showed a significant decrease in gait ability in the outdoor environment compared to the indoor environment (p<0.05). Although the TUG, 10MWT, and the time required for the F8WT were statistically higher in the outdoor compared to the indoor environment at points 2, 3, and 4, but not 5 of the functional ambulatory category (FAC), significant increases in the number of steps of the F8WT were found in the outdoor compared to the indoor environment for only points 2 and 3 of the FAC (p<0.05). In the FAC 3 and 4, there was a statistically significant decrease in the outdoor compared to the indoor environment only in the FGA (p<0.05). Conclusions: Therefore, it has been shown that the gait ability of stroke patients is reduced in the outdoor environment compared to the gait ability in the indoor environment.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 2019

Background: Stroke is one of the most common diseases responsible for physical disabilities. In addition to their physical and occupational therapy, the self-exercise programs were developed for patients with hemiplegia to increase the intensity of their therapeutic exercise. Objects: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a customized self-exercise program (CSP) to walking function on improving stroke survivors' muscle strength and ambulation function. Method: To test the effect of the self-exercise program, the following tests were conducted: The functional ambulation category (FAC), Tinetti performance-oriented mobility assessment gait part (POMA-G), timed up and go (TUG), 10-meter walk, and 2-minute walk. The study included 161 consenting stroke patients (FAC score>1) from a randomized, screened sample of 217. The CSP group participated in a 30-minute CSP each day for 10 weeks in addition to completing a routine rehabilitation program. The control group received only a routine rehabilitation program. All the subjects were monitored by a therapist once a week and had to submit an exercise checklist at the end of each session. Result: The strength of the participants' upper and lower extremity muscles showed no significant differences between the CSP group and the control group. The FAC score and POMA-G also showed no significant differences. However, there were significant differences in the TUG, 10-meter walk test, and 2-minute walk test (p<.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that a CSP may improve gait-related function in stroke survivors.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.47.1-47.11
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity and penetration into dentinal tubules of ChlorCid^TM Surf (3% sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] with surfactant) in comparison to ChlorCid^TM (3% NaOCl without surfactant). Materials and Methods: The physicochemical properties evaluated were pH, surface tension, free available chlorine (FAC) and contact angle. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 fibroblasts exposed to the solutions by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and neutral red assays. Assessment of penetration into dentinal tubules was performed by staining single-rooted permanent human teeth with crystal violet (n = 9), which were irrigated with the solutions and analyzed in cervical, middle and apical segments. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post-test, 2-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test or t-test (α = 0.05). Results: ChlorCid^TM Surf and ChlorCid^TM FAC values were close to those indicated by the manufacturer. ChlorCid^TM Surf showed lower surface tension and contact angle on dentin, and higher pH than ChlorCid^TM (p < 0.05). The penetration of ChlorCid^TM Surf was higher in cervical and middle segments, compared with ChlorCid^TM (p < 0.05). There was no difference in irrigant cytotoxicity (p > 0.05). Conclusions: ChlorCid^TM Surf showed lower surface tension, lower contact angle on root canal dentin, higher penetration into dentinal tubules and more alkaline pH, compared with ChlorCid^TM. However, both solutions showed similar cytotoxicity and FAC content.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2023

Purpose: Cerebellar injury can be caused by a variety of factors, including trauma, stroke, and tumor. Cerebellar injury can manifest in different clinical symptoms and signs depending on the size and location of the injury. The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the recovery patterns of each motor function by tracking the motor levels of patients with cerebellar injury. Methods: This study recruited 11 patients with quadriplegia resulting from cerebellar injury. The motricity index (MI), modified Brunnstrom classification (MBC), and functional ambulation category (FAC) methods were used to evaluate motor levels. The motor function evaluation was performed immediately after the onset of the condition and at intervals of one month, two months, and six months after onset. Results: The MI values of the upper and lower extremities and hand function (MBC) indicated severe paralysis in the early stages of onset. Compared to the onset time, significant motor function recovery was observed after 1, 2, and 6 months (p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant pattern of recovery between 1, 2, and 6 months after onset (p > 0.05). FAC indicated showed significant recovery at one month compared to onset (p<0.05), and there was also a significant difference between 1 and 2 months (p < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant difference in FAC between 2 and 6 months (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Patients with cerebellar injury showed significant recovery in functions related to muscle strength and voluntary muscle control one month after onset and gradually recovered further over the next six months. On the other hand, gait function, which is closely related to balance, showed a relatively slow recovery pattern from the beginning of the disease to the six month follow-up.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1980

In the ecology and epidemiologic studies on various serotypes of atypical mycobacteria(AM), Schaefer's bacterial agglutination test(BA) provided the basis of the serologic procedures. Recently, attempts have been made to modify and to simplify the Schaefer's BA such as a slide agglutination test(Engel & Beerwald, 1970), a "simplified" BA(Reznikov & Leggo, 1972), an agglutination inhibition test(Richards & Eacret, 1972) and "micromethod"(Thoen et al., 1975). The BA, however, was not widely applied as a routine laboratory test mainly because it requires much times and labors to perform and partley because it is not applicable to hydrophobic strains either often encountered in the isolation of AM in the clinical bacteriology or stock strains maintained in the laboratory. On the contrary, fluorescent antibody technique with mycobacteria may have advantages over the BA because it is far more simpler in serologic procedures and is applicable to all strains of mycobacteria regardless of smooth or rough types of cultures. At the present, it is well known that the type-specific antigens are lacking on the surface of rough type of AM compared to that on smooth type of strain, but the antigenicity on the surface of the hydrophobic strains of AM which resulted from a series of subculture and the strain in the laboratory for 3 to 6 months has not been clarified. In this study, an attempt to serotype the hydrophobic strains of M. scrofulaceum serotype 41, 42 and 43 by fluorescent anti-complement(FAC) technique was made. The FAC technique with mycobacteria was also described in detail. In the summary, the complement fixing antibody titres of reference sera to smooth types of homologous serotype was highest, but the antibody titres of reference sera to hydrophobic strains of serotypes, 41, 42 and 43 gave two-to 8-folds lower than those to smooth type of strains. Although the sensitivity of type-specific antigens on the hydrophobic strains to reference sera was much lower, using the two units of reference sera determined by titration with hydrophobic strains, three serotypes, i. e., 41, 42 and 43 were specifically differentiated one another by FAC technique. This result indicated that the hydrophobic strains which were maintained in the laboratory at least for 6 months still retain type-specific antigen detectable by FAC technique.