• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to measure the first two vowel formants of the forty male and female speakers (twenty young vs. old male speakers and twenty young vs. old female speakers) from the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech and to examine the vowel formant changes across two generations (younger vs. older). The results indicated that the vowel space of the younger generation (in their thirties or less) shifted to the lower left position compared to those of the older generation (in their forties or more) in both male and female speakers. When the results were compared to those of Peterson & Barney (1952), it appears that differences can be found in the size of the vowel spaces through time.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to extract the vowel formants of the ten young male speakers from the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech [1] and to analyze them in comparison to earlier works in terms of various phonetic factors that are expected to affect the realization of the formant distribution. The first two formant frequency values were automatically extracted with a Praat script along with such factors as the place of articulation, the content versus function word information, syllabic stress information, the location in a word, location in utterance, speech rate of three consecutive words, and the word frequency in the corpus. The results indicated that the formant patterns from the corpus were very different from those of earlier works although the overall pattern was similar and that the factors were strongly responsible for the realization of the two formants. The purpose of this paper is to extract the vowel formants of the ten young male speakers from the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech [1] and to analyze them in comparison to earlier works in terms of various phonetic factors that are expected to affect the realization of the formant distribution. The first two formant frequency values were automatically extracted with a Praat script along with such factors as the place of articulation, the content versus function word information, the syllabic stress information, the location in a word, the location in an utterance, the speech rate of the three consecutive words, and the word frequency in the corpus. The result indicated that the formant patterns from the corpus were very different from those of earlier works although the overall pattern was similar and that the factors were strongly responsible for the realization of the two formants.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제64호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the acoustic perception different by formants change for profoundly hearing impaired children with cochlear implants. The subjects were 10 children after 15 months of experience with the implant and mean of their chronological age was 8.4 years and Standard deviation was 2.9 years. The ability of auditory perception was assessed using acoustic-synthetic vowels. The acoustic-synthetic vowel was combined with F1, F2, and F3 into a vowel and produced 42 synthetic sound, using Speech GUI(Graphic User Interface) program. The data was deal with clustering analysis and on-line analytical processing for perception ability of acoustic synthetic vowel. The results showed that auditory perception scores of acoustic-synthetic vowels for cochlear implanted children were increased in F2 synthetic vowels compaire to those of F1. And it was found that they perceived the differences of vowels in terms of distance rates between F1 and F2 in specific vowel.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2004년도 춘계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.209-213
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• 2004

The aim of this paper is to analyze vowel in voice imitation, and to find the invariable phonetic features of the speaker. In this paper we examined the formants of vowel /a, u, i/. The results of the present are as follows : (1) Speakers change their vocal tract cavity features. (2) F1 changes easily compared to $F2{\sim}F3{\sim}F4$. (3) F3-F2 appears to be constituent for a speakers identification in vowel /a/ and F4-F2 in vowel /i/.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.44-58
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• 1994

The formants of the 9 Korean standard vowels(which used by the average people of Seoul, central-area of the Korean peninsula) were measured by analysis with the linear predictive coding(LPC) and fast Fourier transform(FFT). The author already had reported the constriction area for the Korean standard vowels, and with the existing data, the distance from glottis to the constriction area in the vocal tract of each vowel was newly measured with videovelopharyngograms and lateral Rontgenograms of the vocal tract. We correlated the formant frequencies with the distance from glottis to the constriction area of the vocal tract. Also we tried to correlate the formant frequencies with the position of tongue in the vocal tract which is divided into 2 categories : The position of tongue in oral cavity by the distance from imaginary palatal line to the highest point of tongue and the position in pharyngeal cavity by the distance from back of tongue to posterior pharyngeal wall. This study was performed with 10 adults(male : 5, female : 5) who spoke primary 9 Korean standard vowels. We had already reported that the Korean vowel [i], [e], $[{\varepsilon}]$ were articulated at hard palate level, [$\dot{+}$], [u] were at soft palate level, [$\wedge$] was at upper pharynx level and the [$\wedge$], [$\partial$], [a] in a previous article. Also we had noted that the significance of pharyngeal cavity in vowel articulation. From this study we have concluded that ; 1) The F$_1$ is related with the oral cavity articulated vowel [i, e, $\varepsilon$, $\dot{+}$, u]. 2) Within the oral cavity articulated vowel [i, e, $\varepsilon$, $\dot{+}$, u] and the upper pharynx articulated vowel [o], the F$_2$ is elevated when the diatance from glottis to the constriction area is longer. But within the lower pharynx articulated vowel [$\partial$, $\wedge$, a], the F$_2$ is elevated when the distance from glottis to the constriction area is shorter. 3) With the stronger tendency of back-vowel, the higher the elevation of the F$_1$ and F$_2$ frequencies. 4) The F$_3$ and F$_4$ showed no correaltion with the constriction area nor the position of tongue in the vocal tract 5) The parameter F$_2$- F$_1$, which is the difference between F$_2$ frequency and F$_1$ frequency showed an excellent indicator of differenciating the oral cavity articulated vowels from pharyngeal cavity articulated vowels. If the F$_2$-F$_1$ is less than about 600Hz which indicates the vowel is articulated in the pharyngeal cavity, and more than about 600Hz, which indicates that the vowel is articulated in the oral cavity.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2004년도 춘계 학술대회 발표논문집
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• pp.215-218
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• 2004

The aim of this paper is to analyze the acoustic features for disguised voice. In this paper we examined the features such as pitch range, vowel formants(F1, F2, F3, F4). So the result of the analysis is as follows. : (1) Pitch range and average of pitch value is very important cue for speaker verification. (2) F3-F2 is also important cue for speaker verification (3) /a/ is more verified than other vowels.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 2003년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.55-58
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• 2003

The purpose of this paper was to analyze the effects of nasalization on vowels. Ten males and 7 females produced 5 vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) in conditions: normal and nasalized. In this study we compared normal vowels' formant with nasalized vowels' and examined nasal-formant in the nasalized vowels. The results was as follows: First, there was a significant difference between normal vowels and nasalized in terms of F1 and F2. Second, the nasal formants were observed in nasalized vowels more frequently in females than males. Third, N1 appeared to influence F1 of vowels whereas N2 seemed to have an impact on F2 and/or F3.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to compare the first two vowel formants of the stressed and unstressed English vowels produced by ten young males (in their twenties and thirties) and ten old males (in their forties or fifties) from the Buckeye Corpus of Conversational Speech. The results indicate that the stressed and unstressed vowels, /i/ and $/{\ae}/$ in particular, from the two groups are different in their formant frequencies. In addition, the vowel space of the unstressed vowels is somewhat smaller than that of the stressed vowels. Specifically, the range of the second formant of the unstressed vowels and that of the first formant of the unstressed front vowels were compressed. The findings from this study can be applied to the pronunciation training for the Korean learners of English vowels. We propose that teachers of English pay attention to the stress patterns of English vowels as well as their formant frequencies.

• 음성과학
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• 제1권
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• pp.201-211
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• 1997

Acoustically a naturally-spoken vowel is composed of five formants. However, the acoustic quality of a vowel is known to be mostly determined by $F_1\;and\;F_2$. The main purpose of this study was to examine how synthesized vowels with $F_1\;and\;F_2$ are perceived by Korean native speakers. In addion, we are interested in finding whether the synthesized vowels are perceived differently by standard Korean speakers and Kyungnam regional dialect speakers. In the experiment 9 Seoul standard Korean speakers and 9 Kyungnam dialect speakers heard 536 vowels synthesized in vowel space with $F_1\;by\;F_2$ and categorized them into one of 10 Korean vowels. The resultant vowel map showed that each Korean vowel occupies an unique area in the two-dimensional vowel space of $F_1\;by\;F_2$, and confirmed that $F_1\;and\;F_2$ play important roles in the perception of vowels. The results also showed that the Seoul speakers and the Kyungnam speakers perceive the synthesized vowels differently. For example, /e/ versus /$\varepsilon$/ contrast, /y/, and /$\phi$/ are perceived differently by the Seoul speakers, whereas they were perceptually confused by the Kyungnam speakers. These results might be due to the different vowel systems of the standard Korean and the Kyungnam regional dialect. While the latter uses a six-vowel system which has no /e/ vs /$/ contrast, /v/ vs /i/ contrast, /y/, and /$\phi$/, the former recognizes these as different vowels. This result suggests that the vowel system of differing dialect restricts the perception of the Korean vowels. Unexpectedly /i/ does not occupy any area in the vowel apace. This result suggests that /i/ cannot be synthesized without $F_3$.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
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• pp.521-528
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• 1996

This presentation explores on the perceptual characteristics of the lateral sound /l/ in CV syllables. At initial position we found that /l/ has well marked formant transitions. Then several questions arise: 1) are these formant structures dependent on the following vowel\ulcorner. 2) Are the formant transitions giving an additional cue for the identification\ulcorner Considering that the French vocalic system presents a greater variety of vowels than Spanish, several experiments were designed to verify to what extent a more extensive range of vocalic timbres contribute to the perception of /l/. Natural emissions of /l/ produced in Argentine Spanish and Canadian French CV syllables were recorded, where V was successively /i, e, a, o, u/ for Spanish and /i, e, $\varepsilon$, a, $\alpha$, o, u, y, \phi$/ for French. For each item, the segment C was maintained and V was replaced by cutting & splicing by each of the remaining vowels without transitions. Results of the identification tests for Spanish show that natural /l/ segments with low Fl and high formants F3, F4 can be clearly identified in the /i, e, u/ vowel contexts without transitions. For French subjects the combination of /l/ with a vowel without transitions reflected correct identifications for its own original vowel context in /e, $\varepsilon$, y, $\phi$/. For both languages, in all these combinations, F1 values remained rather steady along the syllable. In the case of /o, u/ very likely the F2 difference lead to a variety of perceptions of the original /l/. For example in Ilul, French subjects reported some identifications of /l/ as a vowel, mainly /y/. Our observations reinforce the importance of F1 as a relevant cue for /l/, and the incidence of the relative distance between formants frequencies of both components.