• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 1995

This study was undertaken to determine effect of parboiling on physical and cooking characteristic properties of milled rice. Equilibrium moisture content(EMC) of parboiled rice soaked at room tempe-rature(25$^{\circ}C$) and high temperature(75$^{\circ}C$) increased 1.8∼2.7 times & 1.4∼l.6 times as compare to raw rice, and time to reach EMC of parboiled rice became longer 4 times and 1.7 times than raw rice respectively. Equilibrium volume(EV), time to reach EV and volume increase rate constants(ku) were similar to EMC, time to reach EMC, and k. kv of parboiled rice brought about in decrease at room temperature and increase at high temperature. The geletinization temperature, time and peak viscosity of parboiled rice were higher than those of raw rice. Parboiling brought about in decrease in L/W of cooked parboiled rice kernels and L/W increased according to presoaking time was prolo-nged. Solid content of cooking water of raw rice were higher than those of parboiled rice. Hardness of uncooked PL20 & PL40 soaked for 30 min was higher than that of raw rice but that of uncookef parboiled rice soaked for 90 min was lower than that of raw rice. Springness of cooked parboile rice for initial 10 min decresed with that of cooked raw rice and then increased sharply, cooked f, r 15 min then increased slowly, cooked parboiled rice for 40 min increased more than cooked raw rice. Color differences($\Delta$I) of PT2O samples was the lowest L value of all the samples increased but a and b value decreased according to milling degree was high.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1975

F$\ddot{u}$r die Erforschllng der Variationen bei der Naturpopulationen der Pinus densifiora wurden drei Populationen aus Chuwangsan (Kyong-buk), Anmyondo (Chung-nam) und Odaesan (Kangwon) Ausgewiiblt. Bei je 20 Individuen jeder Population wurden die Variationen von der Eigenschaft der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt, von der anatomischen und morphologischen Eigenschaft der Kiefernadel und von der Holzqualit$\ddot{a}$t an Bohrsp$\ddot{a}$nen untersucht. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung konnte in den folgenden sechs Punkten formuliert werden. 1. Von den Eigenschaften der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt ist die Geradheit des Baumstamms, der Durchmesser der Zweige und der Winkel der Verzweigung in der Odaesan Population wlinschenswerter als in anderen Populationen. 2. Es wird festgestellt, dass sich die drei Nadelmerkmale, Anzahl der Z$\ddot{a}$hne je 0.5 cm, Anzahl der Stomata-Reihen und Anzahl der Harzkan$\ddot{a}$le, sowohl zwischen den Populationen als auch zwischen den Individuen signignifikant unterscheiden. 3. Bei der Betrachtung des Harzkanal Index, der Schichtanzahl der Hypodermis und der Entfernung der Fibrovasalb$\ddot{u}$ndel wird aufgezeigt, dass sich alle drei gepr$\ddot{u}$ften Populationen geringf$\ddot{u}$gig von der normalen Kiefer unterscheiden. 4. Zwischen den Populationen ergibt sich ein Unterschied im Prozentanteil des Spatho lzes und im spezifischen Geswicht, jedoch zeigt die Breite der Jahresrings und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge keinen Unterschied. Das spezifische Gewicht und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der Individuen jeder Population ist signifikant verschieden. 5. Bei dem Alter 11-20 ist der Prozentanteil des sp$\ddot{a}$tholzes am gr$\ddot{o}$ssten und wird aber danach immer geringer bis zum Alter 30; sp$\ddot{a}$ter zeigt sich dann keine sichtbare Ver$\ddot{a}$nderung mehr. Das spezifische Gewicht sich vergr$\ddot{o}$ssert bei der Zunahme des Jahresrings, nimmt aber dann in Anmyondo und Odaesan Populationen beim Alter 21-30 wieder ab. Die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der drei Populationen besitzen die Neigung, sich nach der zunahme der Jahresringe zu vermehren. 6. Mit diesen hier behandelten Charakteren werden ganz allgemeinen die Unterschiede der drei Kiefer populationen festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse sind sehr bemerkenswert betrachtet vom genetischen Gesichtspunkt der waldbaumpopulation.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 1990

This is a study which attempt to analyze changing patierns of economic active popu-lation, t o estimato- future patterns, and exa- mine vartons problems arises by changing c ire u mst ances of t he labor force market in- clunging soici al, economic ic, heathl th and demoi-graph ic aspects. We have constructed series of wotking life table which are useful in syt uiolyioig the lirocess of growth and structural change of labor force. Work i ng life tables represent ihie life eyele of econrmic' activity in hi ypothetical cohorts, that is. gen-erat i on of men Sn bject at eat' b period ot f their lives th given ra to's o mor tali it y and of par-- tici pation in economic activities. The tabloes prot' ide measorues of the alvet'age he ng t able of economically aeti \- e life. and agespecific rates of en trannee' into and retirement from the hahn' force. In const routing working life tables, age-specific activity rates and life tabole popula- titoto which represents contemporary condi-tions of moortality in Korea au'e the basic' maltoerials. We have derived the age-specific rates foorm economically active population survey, whoich were conducted by the Bureau of Statistics, Economic Planning Borard of the Korean government. Working life tables are constructed for men wtable these materi- als in the year of 1970, 1980 and 1988 by a modified Wolfbein-Wool's method. Some of the findings may be summerized as follow : 1) A central part of constructing working life table is calculation of stationary' economic active population, which represents the number of men in the stationtary population extoected to be in the labor force at each age group in the life span. The stationary economic active population by age have generally a universal pattern, where they rise sharply in the early twenties, approach its' peak in the thirties decline thereafter. at first graolually and then more rapidly at an advanced age. Korean men show the same general pa ttern of age distribution of stationary eco-- nomic active population with sharp increase hegining from the age interval of 20 to 24, reaching to maximum level at older age. The population. however, presumably, increased substantially due to increaseing school atte endance rates. Another difference exiSts in the youngest age groups, that is the activity rate in the year of 1988 is lower than that of Japan. The table shows an analysis of changes in the age distrihution of labor force between 1970, 1980 and 1988. 2) It was shown an analysis of changes in the age distribution and cause of separation from labor force. The entrance rate to labor force has increased from 18~\5 persons to 299 persons per 1000 head of stationary population between that of 1980 than that of 1988 for Korean men in 20~24 age group. The entrace rate to labor force shows a rapid entrance appearance concentrated on the 15~24 age group. The separation rate from labor force by retirment in Korea in the year of 1988 shows a great difference of the about four times as much as that of Japan. 3) The functions of table illustrate the patterns of working life of males in Korea in 1970, 1980 and 1988. The average remaining number of economically active years, e at age 15 in 1988 is 46.39 which is 2.12 years of increase compared with that of at age 15 in 1970,1980 and 1988 are 43.90,44.27 and 46.39 respectively, showing steadily increase dur- ing the past double decade the increase in the length of economically active life various age may be considered to have come both from extention of general life expectancy and from increasing entrance rate to economic activity in high age that of working is far greater in 1988 than that of 1980. The gaps between expectation of life and average remaining years of economically active widened due to rapid improvement of mortality level in Ko- rea. This observation together with the population pressure by the appearance of a group of younger population implies that constant increase of economically inactive population among older age group.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.9
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• pp.31.1-31.11
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• 2015

Background: This study was conducted to investigate the potential association of variation in the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) gene with growth, carcass and meat quality traits in pigs. IGFBP2 is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein family that is involved in regulating growth, and it maps to a region of pig chromosome 15 containing significant quantitative trait loci that affect economically important trait phenotypes. Results: An IGFBP2 polymorphism was identified in the Michigan State University (MSU) Duroc ${\times}$ Pietrain $F_2$ resource population (n = 408), and pigs were genotyped by MspI PCR-RFLP. Subsequently, a Duroc pig population from the National Swine Registry, USA, (n = 326) was genotyped using an Illumina Golden Gate assay. The IGFBP2 genotypic frequencies among the MSU resource population pigs were 3.43, 47.06 and 49.51 % for the AA, AB and BB genotypes, respectively. The genotypic frequencies for the Duroc pigs were 9.82, 47.85, and 42.33 % for the AA, AB and BB genotypes, respectively. Genotype effects (P < 0.05) were found in the MSU resource population for backfat thickness at $10^{th}$ rib and last rib as determined by ultrasound at 10, 13, 16 and 19 weeks of age, ADG from 10 to 22 weeks of age, and age to reach 105 kg. A genotype effect (P < 0.05) was also found for off test Longissimus muscle area in the Duroc population. Significant effects of IGFBP2 genotype (P < 0.05) were found for drip loss, 24 h postmortem pH, pH decline from 45 min to 24 h postmortem, subjective color score, CIE $L^*$ and $b^*$, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and sensory panel scores for juiciness, tenderness, connective tissue and overall tenderness in MSU resource population pigs. Genotype effects (P < 0.05) were found for 45-min pH, CIE $L^*$ and color score in the Duroc population. Conclusions: Results of this study revealed associations of the IGFBP2 genotypes with growth, carcass and meat quality traits in pigs. The results indicate IGFBP2 as a potential candidate gene for growth rate, backfat thickness, loin muscle area and some pork quality traits.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.283-287
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• 2005

The slow evolution of global magnetic fields and other dynamical processes in atmospheres of CP magnetic stars lead to the development of induced electric currents in all conductive atmospheric layers. The Lorentz force, which results from the interaction between a magnetic field and the induced currents, may modify the atmospheric structure and provide insight into the formation and evolution of stellar magnetic fields. This modification of the pressure-temperature structure influences the formation of absorption spectral features producing characteristic rotational variability of some spectral lines, especially the Balmer lines (Valyavin et al., 2004 and references therein). In order to study these theoretical predictions we began systematic spectroscopic survey of Balmer line variability in spectra of brightest CP magnetic stars. Here we present the first results of the program. A0p star $\Theta$ Aur revealed significant variability of the Balmer profiles during the star's rotation. Character of this variablity corresponds to that classified by Kroll (1989) as a result of an impact of significant Lorentz force. From the obtained data we estimate that amplitudes of the variation at H$\alpha$, H$\beta$, H$\gamma$ and H$\delta$ profiles reach up to $2.4\%$during full rotation cycle of the star. Using computation of our model atmospheres (Valyavin et al., 2004) we interpret these data within the framework of the simplest model of the evolution of global magnetic fields in chemically peculiar stars. Assuming that the field is represented by a dipole, we estimate the characteristic e.m.f. induced by the field decay electric current (and the Lorentz force as the result) on the order of $E {\~} 10^{-11}$ cgs units, which may indicate very fast (< < $10^{10}$ years) evolution rate of the field. This result strongly contradicts the theoretical point of view that global stellar magnetic fields of CP stars are fossil and their the characteristic decay time of about $10^{10}$ yr. Alternatively, we briefly discuss concurring effects (like the ambipolar diffusion) which may also lead to significant atmospheric currents producing the observable Lorentz force.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.86-90
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• 1974

Quantitative analysis of the fatty acids contained in Amorpha-fruticosa seeds was carried out by means of gas chromatography with F.I.D. The general components and chemical constants have been performed with A.O.A.C methods. The results are summarized as follow: 1. General components of Amorpha-fruticosa seeds come out to be 17.65% moisture, 21.02% crude protein, 12.04% crude lipid and 5.37% ash. 2. Extraction of crude lipids were performed by soxhlet extractor for 14 hour. Amounts of the crude lipids were extracted 80.25% in ether, 80.00% in methanol, 77.34% in benzene and 69.96% in hexane. 3. Chemical constants of Amorpha-fruticosa seed oil were saponification number 178.67, acid number 3.11 and iodine number 54.27. 4. The fatty acid components of Amorpha-fruticosa seeds were quantitatively determined by gas chromatography to give 78.73wt% linoleic, 5.8wt% oleic, 5.68wt% palmitic, 4.8wt% stearic and 3.40wt% linolenic acid in ether solvent and to give 77.86wt% linoleic, 7.77wt% palmitic, 5.84wt oleic and 4.97wt% stearic acid in methanol solvent. The peak of capric acid was not found. Myristic, arachidic and lauric acids were very small.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.335-346
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• 2013

AASHTO LRFD and Korean Bridge Design Code (Limit State Design) specify to consider Truck and Lane load simultaneously determined from reliability-based live load model, and impact shall be applied to the truck load while it shall not be applied to the lane load. In this paper, vehicle-bridge interaction analysis under moving truck and lane loads were performed to estimate impact factor of the cables and girders for the selected multi-cable-stayed composite bridges with 230m, 400m and 540m main span. A 6-d.o.f. vehicle was used for truck load and a series of single-axle vehicles was applied to simulate equivalent lane load. The effect of damping ratio on the impact factor was estimated and then the essential parameters to impact factor, i.e., road surface roughness and vehicle speed were considered. The road surface roughness was randomly generated based on ISO 8608 and it was applied to the truck load only in the vehicle-bridge interaction analysis. The impact factors evaluated from dynamic interaction analysis were also compared with those by the influence line method that is currently used in design practice to estimate impact factor in cable-stayed bridge.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.417-425
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• 2009

The potential utility of fish scales to the functional food industry has been investigated due to its antioxidant and antihypertensive characteristics. In this study, we report on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of gelatin hydrolysates processed from Branchiostegus japonicus scales, which are also high in protein content (about 46.1%). We prepared the enzymatic gelatin hydrolysates with four proteases (${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin, Alcalase, Neutrase and trypsin) from B. japonicus scale gelatin, which was prepared according to different reaction times, substrate/enzyme ratios and substrate concentrations. The enzymatic hydrolytic degrees of the gelatin increased time-dependently up to 6 hrs, while the Alcalase gelatin hydrolysates showed the highest hydrolysis degrees compared to the others. Furthermore, gelatin hydrolysates of Neutrase and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin showed the highest DPPH radical and $H_2O_2$ scavenging activities ($IC_{50}$ value; 9.18 mg/mL and 9.74 mg/mL), respectively. However, the activities were not significant (P<0.05). We also observed that the four gelatin hydrolysates significantly increased ACE inhibitory activities from approximately 20% to 60% (P<0.05), Among them, the Alcalase gelatin hydrolysates showed the higher ACE inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$ value; 0.73 mg/mL) compared to the others. These results suggest that the enzymatic gelatin hydrolysates prepared from B. japonicus scales may possess a potentially useful function as an ACE inhibitory agent. As such, the utility of B. japonicus scales should be given due consideration for application in the functional food industry.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.22
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• pp.9599-9602
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• 2014

Background: Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) in the management of early stage endometrial cancer (EC) is still controversial. Here we report our institutional experience with patients who received postoperative RT for stage I-II EC over a period of 35 years and assess potential predictors of local recurrence (LR), distant metastasis (DM), and overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods: A total of 188 patients undergoing postoperative RT for stage IA-II EC between 1977 and 2012 were evaluated. Some 96 received median 46 Gy whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) (range: 40-60 Gy), 37 were given WPRT with vaginal cuff therapy (VCT), and 55 received only VCT either with brachytherapy (BT) or stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Chemotherapy was given to 5 patients with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the effect of clinicopathological factors on LR, DM, and OS. Results: Median follow-up time was 11 years (range: 1-35 years). At the time of analysis, 34 patients were not alive. Of the 15 patients with LR, 7 (46.7%) recurred in the vaginal stump, 5 (33.3%) in the pelvic region, and 3 (20%) in the paraaortic nodal region, while 12 had distant metastasis. UPSC histology (p=0.027), sole VCT (p=0.041), high histologic grade (p=0.034), and age ${\geq}71$ (p=0.04) were poor prognostic factors on univariate analysis. Conclusions: In our patients receiving radiotherapy for early-stage EC, grade III disease and age ${\geq}71$ were associated with shorter OS whereas UPSC histology was an independent predictor for both LR and DM.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.206-214
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• 1997

The genetic relationships among the twenty parental silkworm, Bombyx mori strains authorized in Korea were evaluated using RAPDs-PCR(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs-Polymerase Chain Reaction). Twenty-six different 10-mer oligonucleotide primers were used to screen genetic characteristics of parental twenty silkworm strains by RAPD-PCR analysis. 24 primers showed different banding patterns among the strains. Based on these RAPD patterns, the genetic relationships among the silkworm strains were analyzed by UPGMA(Unweighed Pair-Group Method with Arithmetic average) method. The phylogenetic relationships in the twenty silkworm strains were classified into two major sub-groups at the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.60. The first sub-group included Jaml13, Jaml 19, Jaml20, Jam123, Jam1 25 and Jam 127. Jamll4, Jam1 2 I, Jam 122, Jam 124, Jam1 26, Jam 128, Jam129, Jam 130, Jam 131, Jam1 32, Jam133, Jam134, Jam301 and Jam302 were included in the 2nd group. The genetic distance values among Jam1 14, Jam120 and Jam127 were lower than those among the other strains, while Jam129 is very closely related to Jam131 as showing coefficient value of 1 .O.