• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 2007

The urban forest offer many opportunities to maintain and enhance local and regional biological diversity. Pinus densiflora stands in isolated urban forest in five areas of Seoul, Incheon, Daegu, Ulsan, and Cheongju were investigated by landscape and community ecological methods for diagnosis of current status and construction of conservation plan. Species composition of five study areas revealed regional characteristics. As the result of stand dynamics, absence of pine seedlings and saplings were observed. Cheongju, significantly, revealed highest species diversity (H'=1.86) and richness (24) among study areas, and the opposite was true for Daegu (1.35 for H', and 14 for richness). Ratio of alien species was highest in Daegu (15.8%) (F=5.05, p=0.0016). Based on landscape analysis, complexity of pine patch was higher in local city than metropolitans, but statistically not significant (p=0.133). Complexity of pine patch revealed significant positive correlation with diversity and richness, but not with percentage of aliens. Synthetically, ecological management based on community and landscape ecological information was recommended. Cautious artificial regeneration strategy was necessary to regenerate pine forest in urban area.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 1991

This report is an analysis of 60 cases of primary mediastinal tumors and cysts which were experienced in chonbuk National University Hospital, Wonkwang University Hospital and Chonju Presbyterian Medical Center from january 1985 to October 1990. The result was summarized like this; 1) Age distribution was various from ages of 5 to 75 years. There were 26 males and 34 females, sex ratio of patients was 1: 1.3 (M:F). 2) The most common chief compliant was dyspnea (21 cases, 35%) and followed by chest pain, coughing and chest discomfort. 17 patients (28%) were asymptomatic. 3) The most common primary mediastinal tumor was thymoma, which comprise 28% (17 cases) of all our cases and followed by neruogenic tumor (14 cases, 23%) and germ cell tumor (11 cases, 18%). 4) The incidence of malignancy of all case was 22%; 2 cases were asymptomatic and the most common malignancy was malignant lympoma (5 cases, 38.5%). 5) The anterior mediastinum was the most common tumor location and followed by posterior and middle mediastinum. Anterior mediastinal tumors mainly consisted of thymomas and germ cell tumors and posterioc mediastinal tumors mainly did neurogenic tumors. 6) Of 60 cases, 21 cases were confirmed histopathologically by percutaneous transthoracic needle lung biopsy. 7) Of 60 cases, 40 cases were received radical tumor resection.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1897-1906
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• 2019

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) deficiency on intestinal pH value, digestive enzyme activity, morphology, nutrient utilization, and gene expression of NaPi-IIb in meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age. Methods: A total of 525 one-d-old Cherry Valley ducklings were fed diets (with 7 pens of 15 ducklings, or 105 total ducklings, on each diet) with five levels of nPP (0.22%, 0.34%, 0.40%, 0.46%, or 0.58%) for 21 d in a completely randomized design. Five experimental diets contained a constant calcium (Ca) content of approximately 0.9%. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed to gain ratio (F:G) were measured at 14 and 21 d of age. Ducks were sampled for duodenum and jejunum digestion and absorption function on 14 and 21 d. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-d-old ducks. Results: The results showed ducks fed 0.22% nPP had lower (p<0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization and higher (p<0.05) serum Ca content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. When dietary nPP levels were increased, BW (d 14 and 21), BWG and FI (all intervals), and the serum phosphorus (P) content linearly and quadratically increased (p<0.05); and the jejunal pH value (d 14), duodenal muscle layer thickness (d 14), excreta dry matter, crude protein, energy, Ca and total P utilization linearly increased (p<0.05); however, the serum ALP activity, jejunal $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity, and duodenal NaPi-IIb mRNA level (d 21) linearly decreased (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that ducks aged from 1 to 21 d fed diets with 0.22% nPP had poor growth performance related to poor intestinal digestion and absorption ability; but when fed diets with 0.40%, 0.46%, and 0.58% nPP, ducks presented a better growth performance, intestinal digestion and absorption function.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.98-107
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• 2007

Most of plastic film house plots in Korea have salinity problems caused by salt accumulations associated with continuous cropping including the heavy applications of chemical fertilizers, and high evapotranspiration. The objective of this study was to investigate soil properties and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) productivity in plastic film houses as influenced by the short-term crop rotation in the continuous watermelon-cultivated soils. The short-term rotational crops selected were corn, Chinese cabbage, radish, young radish, lettuce, spinach, and onion. Soil pH increased in most plots where a short-term crop was added to the crop rotation, except where radish was added. The content of soil organic matter significantly decreased in the lettuce-cultivated plot. The available phosphorus content in the soils increased with the cultivations of spinach and onion. Exchangeable Ca and Mg tended to increase in most of plots where a short-term rotational crop was grown, whereas the exchangeable K was clearly reduced by more than 50% in the same plots. Cultivation of rotational crops during the post-harvest season significantly decreased the electrical conductivity (EC) and the concentrations of soluble anions, such as chloride ($Cl^-$), nitrate ($NO_3{^-}$), and sulfate ($SO{_4}^{2-}$) in the soils. In particular, the EC decrease was related with the decrease in soil $K^+$ to $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ratio. In all plots cultivated with the shot-term rotational crops, the ratios of bacteria to fungi (B/F) increased. However, the improvement in soil properties after adding a rotational crop did not result in a clear improvement in watermelon quantity or quality as measured by fruit weight and sugar content. Therefore, the addition of short-term rotational crops to a continuous watermelon cropping system would be beneficial to improve target soil properties in plastic film house plots studied.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.30-36
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• 2019

In this study, Li powder was recovered from the by-product of LNO ($Li_2NiO_2$) process, which is the positive electrode active material of waste lithium ion battery, through the $CO_2$ thermal reaction process. In the process of recovering Li powder, the $CO_2$ injection amount is 300 cc/min. The $Li_2NiO_2$ award was phase-separated into the $Li_2CO_3$ phase and the NiO phase by holding at $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 min. After this, the collected sample:distilled water = 1:50 weight ratio, and after leaching, the solution was subjected to vacuum filtration to recover $Li_2CO_3$ from the solution, and the NiO powder was recovered. In order to increase the purity of Ni, it was maintained in $H_2$ atmosphere for 3 hours to reduce NiO to Ni. Through the above-mentioned steps, the purity of Li was 2290 ppm and the recovery was 92.74% from the solution, and Ni was finally produced 90.1% purity, 92.6% recovery.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.287-297
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the probability of norovirus foodborne illness by raw oyster consumption. One hundred fifty-six oyster samples were collected to examine the norovirus prevalence. The oyster samples were inoculated with murine norovirus and stored at 4℃-25℃. A plaque assay determined norovirus titers. The norovirus titers were fitted with the Baranyi model to calculate shoulder period (h) and death rate (Log PFU/g/h). These kinetic parameters were fitted to a polynomial model as a function of temperature. Distribution temperature and time were surveyed, and consumption data were surveyed. A dose-response model was also searched through literature. The simulation model was prepared with these data in @RISK to estimate the probability of norovirus foodborne. One sample of 156 samples was norovirus positive. Thus, the initial contamination level was estimated by the Beta distribution (2, 156), and the level was -5.3 Log PFU/g. The developed predictive models showed that the norovirus titers decreased in oysters under the storage conditions simulated with the Uniform distribution (0.325, 1.643) for time and the Pert distribution (10, 18, 25) for temperature. Consumption ratio of raw oyster was 0.98%, and average consumption amount was 1.82 g, calculated by the Pert distribution [Pert {1.8200, 1.8200, 335.30, Truncate (0, 236.8)}]. ₁F₁ hypergeometric dose-response model [1 - (1 + 2.55 × 10^-3 × dose)^-0.086] was appropriate to evaluate dose-response. The simulation showed that the probability of norovirus foodborne illness by raw oyster consumption was 5.90 × 10^-10 per person per day. The annual socioeconomic cost of consuming raw oysters contaminated with norovirus was not very high.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.710-719
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• 2023

Objective: The present study investigated whether protodioscin (PD), a steroidal saponin mainly found in rhizome of Dioscorea species, alleviates oxidative stress-induced damage of porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation. Methods: Oocytes were treated with different concentrations of PD (0, 1, 10, 100, and 200 µM) in the presence of 200 µM H₂O₂ during in vitro maturation. Following maturation, spindle morphology and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity was assessed along with reactive oxygen species level, GSH activity, and mRNA expression of endogenous antioxidant genes at the MII stage. On the day 7 after parthenogenetic activation, blastocyst formation rate was calculated and the quality of embryo and mRNA expression of development-related genes was evaluated. Results: Developmental competence was significantly poorer in the 0 µM PD-treated (control) group than in the non-treated (normal) and 10 µM PD-treated (10PD) groups. Although the reactive oxygen species level did not significantly differ between these three groups, the glutathione level and mRNA expression of antioxidant genes (superoxide dismutase 1 [SOD1], SOD2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [Nrf2], and hemo oxygenase-1 [HO-1]) were significantly higher in the normal and 10PD groups than in the control group. In addition, the percentage of oocytes with defective spindle and abnormal chromosomal alignment was significantly lower and the ratio of phosphorylated p44/42 to total p44/42 was significantly higher in the normal and 10PD groups than in the control group. The total cell number per blastocyst was significantly higher in the 10PD group than in the control group. The percentage of apoptotic cells in blastocysts was highest in the control group; however, the difference was not significant. mRNA expression of development-related genes (POU domain, class 5, transcription factor 1 [POU5F1], caudal type homeobox 2 [CDX2], Nanog homeobox [NANOG]) was consistently increased by addition of PD. Conclusion: The PD effectively improves the developmental competence and quality of blastocysts by protecting porcine oocytes against oxidative stress.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.563-567
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• 2008

Background: The histomorphological properties of the left anterior desecending artery (LAD), the left internal thoracic arteries (LITA), the radial arteries (RA) and the intercostal arteries (ICA) were studied for their use as a conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and we compared them with each other. Material and Method: All the vessels were harvested from nineteen cadavers (17 males and 2 females). The mid-portion of the LAD, the mid-portion of the LITA, the distal RA and the mid-portion of the 5th ICA were obtained. All of them were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and with Van Gieson's elastin stain. The morphological characteristics were examined and the thicknesses of the intima and media (I/M ratio: the intima to media ratio) were compared using one-way ANOVA tests. Result: The mean age of the cadavers was $61.5{\pm}9.6$ years. The LITA and ICA were elastic arteries, and the LAD and RA were muscular arteries. The I/M ratio showed statistically significant differences: $0.07{\pm}0.03$ in the LITA, $0.16{\pm}0.11$ in the ICA, $0.45{\pm}0.29$ in the RA and $0.93{\pm}0.52$ in the LAD, respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that the degrees of intimal hyperplasia of the CA and the various conduits for CABG were different significantly. The ICA was found to have relatively favorable characteristics as a coronary by pass conduit, but its suitability for clinical use is a challenging issue.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2004

Purpose : To investigate the signal enhancement ratio by NOE effect on in vivo $^{31}P$ MRS in human heart muscle and liver. we also evaluated the enhancement ratios of different phosphorus metabolites, which are important in 31P MRS for each organ. Materials and Methods : Ten normal subjects (M:F = 8:2, age range = 24-32 yrs) were included for in vivo $^{31}P$ MRS measurements on a 1.5 T whole-body MRI/MRS system using $^1H-^{31}P$ dual tuned surface coil. Two-dimensional Chemical Shift Imaging (2D CSI) pulse sequence for $^{31}P$ MRS was employed in all $^{31}P$ MRS measurements. First, $^{31}P$ MRS performed without NOE effect and then the same 2D CSI data acquisitions were repeated with NOE effect. After postprocessing the MRS raw data in the time domain, the signal enhancements in percent were estimated from the major metabolites. Results : The calculated NOE enhancement for liver $^{31}P$ MRS were $\alpha-ATP\;(7\%),\;\beta-ATP\;(9\%),\;\gamma-ATP\;(17\%),\;Pi\;(1\%),\;PDE\;(19\%)$ and $PME\;(31\%)$. Because there is no creatine kinase activity in liver, PCr signal is absent. For cardiac $^{31}P$ MRS, whole body coil gave better scout images and thus better localization than surface coil. In $^{31}P$cardiac multi-voxel spectra, DPG signal increased from left to right according to the amount of blood included. The calculated enhancement for cardiac $^{31}P$ MRS were : $\alpha-ATP\;(12\%),\;\beta-ATP\;(19\%),\;\gamma-ATP\;(30\%),\;PCr\;(34\%),\;Pi\;(20\%),\;(PDE)\;(51\%),\;and\;DPG\;(72\%)$. Conclusion : Our results revealed that the NOE effect was more pronounced in heart muscle than in liver with different coupling to 1H spin system and thus different heteronuclear cross-relaxation.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) injection on conception and parturition rates in normal or repeat breeding Hanwoo. We treated 462 cows containing 79 repeat-breeding cows of multiparous and allocating 5 treatment groups. Treatment 1 (T1) was injection of 2ml saline (for pseudo treatment), T2 was one injection of rbST 250mg into the tailhead region at the estrus, T3 was twice injection of rbST 250mg both at the time of insemination and again 10 to 14 day later, T4 was once injection of rbST 500mg at insemination and T5 was twice injection of 500mg rbST both at the time of insemination and again 10 to 14day later respectively. In rbST treated groups, timed artificial inseminations (TAI) were performed fellowing estrus synchronization. 100 us GnRH was injected into the scapula region on Day 0, 25mg $PGF_2{\alpha}$ was injected on Day 7 for degeneration of corpus luteum (CL) and 100ug GnRH was injected for inducing the synchronization. The results are as fellows; When normal Hanwoo were inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnancy rate of T2 $(67.5\pm18.48\%)$ were higher than control $(52.4\pm9.72\%)$, while the pregnancy rate of T4 $(63.3\pm5.77\%)$ were significantly higher (p.<0.05) than control $(39.3\pm12.89\%)$ in repeat breeder Hanwoo. The parturition rates of normal Hanwoo were no differences among the treatments but were significant different in repeat breeder Hanwoo (p<0.05). When the estrous was induced by Ovsynch and inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnancy rates of T2 was $12.5\%$ higher than control in normal Hanwoo, T4 $(80.0\%)$ was highest among the treatments (p<0.05) in repeat breeder Hanwoo. When normal Hanwoo were inseminated once with rbST administration, the pregnant period was $282.7\~284.8$ days and the body weight was $25.1\~25.9kg$, there were no difference among the treatments. The ratio of sex was almost same without T4 (male vs. female=18:9). In repeat breeder Hanwoo, pregnant period was 280.4~289.3 day and body weight was $23.0\~26.6kg$, it had no difference among the treatments. The sex ratio were similar to normal Hanwoo except T4 (M : F=2 : 8). In conclusion, the pregnancy and parturition rate by once insemination could be improved by the administration of rbST 250mg in normal Hanwoo or 500mg in repeat breeder Hawoo.