• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.31 no.3 s.52
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• pp.279-283
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• 2005

The content of lipid or moisture and index of erythema or melanin on each facial part of 170 urban middle-aged women without dermic disease was measured by non-invasive method. This measurement intended to understand the skin condition on each facial part of middle-aged women, and to determine the correlation between objective measured values and subjective symptom of lipid content/moisture content. The results was summarized as follows. At each facial Part, the order of moisture content was eye rims, forehead, and cheek and that of lipid content was forehead, eye rims, and cheek. The erythema index was in the order oi forehead, cheek and eye rims and melanin index, in the order of eye rims, forehead and cheek. It turned out that the middle-aged women generally lacked lipid content rather than moisture one. The objective measured values of lipid content coincided with subjective symptom of lipid type. The lipid content, erythema index and melanin index showed correlation significantly.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.541-545
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• 2008

A new spary chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) cultivar 'Yellow Eye' was developed from a cross between 'Angela' and 'Angaesoguk' followed by selections of seedlings and lines at the Flower Research Institute, Gyeongnam Agricultural Research and Extension Services (ARES) from 2003 to 2007. Its characteristics were investigated three times from 2005 to 2007 under forcing culture in spring and retarding culture in autumn. The natural flowering time of 'Yellow Eye' was October 24th, but year-round production was possible by shading and lighting. Its flower was 3.3 cm in diameter, and had 31.7 petals and 27.9 flowers per stem in autumn. It has pollenless, single type flowers with yellow petals and green flower center. To flower in under the short day condition, for 'Yellow Eye' was about 41 days in spring, and 'Yellow Eye' showed a vase life of 23.1 days in autumn. This cultivar was registered for a commercialization in 2007. 'Yellow Eye' would be cultured under the greenhouse and rain shelter condition in Korea.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 2014

Objective: This study is conducted on the differences between flat and curved displays with respect to location of focused points, posture and satisfaction as well as preferred tilt angles. Background: In order to avoid physical and eye fatigue caused by misplayed sitting posture, many studies have asserted that the display requires appropriate location, size and tilt angle as well as curvature. However, most studies have focused on the work environment and the results are varied in the extent. Method: Eye height data in sitting posture were collected from 30 participants. Participants selected the most comfortable viewing angle within the range from $0^{\circ}$ to $12^{\circ}$ while watching videos for both curved and flat display. Then, physical and eye fatigue and overall satisfaction were subjectively evaluated. Lateral diagram describing viewing display condition was set and used to develop linear models for expecting the preferred tilt angle. Results: Due to sitting in the natural viewing posture rather than upright, the eye height is lowered to about 4.6 centimeters, on average, for both displays showing no significant differences. In contrast, preferred angles for the two displays are significantly different and this can be interpreted that curvature vary the points focused. Two linear models as functions of sitting eye height are developed to expect preferred tilt angle for each display. Based on the result of overall satisfaction evaluation, curved display is statistically better than flat display. Conclusion: The results show that flat and curved displays are significantly different expect for the viewing posture. However, reasons for preferring curved display are not accurately factorized and the linear models are limited in the experiment condition such as size of display, distance between display and viewer and other physical environmental factors. Further studies on curved displays under more various conditions are required. Application: This study can contribute to use of the curved display in various way.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.752-756
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of cooking condition on the water-soluble flavor precursors relevant to postmortem glycogen metabolisms in various beef muscles from Hanwoo (Korean cattle). The loins, striploins, top rounds, and eye of rounds from 40-mon-old heifers were cooked in either with $100^{\circ}C$ water bath (wet-cooking) or $180^{\circ}C$ household electric oven (dry-cooking) until attained to about $80^{\circ}C$ of internal temperature before the measurements of amounts of macroglycogen, proglycogen, free glucose, and lactate. The macroglycogen and proglycogen contents were not significant differences in all beef muscles between the wet-cooking and dry-cooking treatments. Regardless of cooking condition, the both loin and top round had higher (p<0.05) two types of glycogen than the eye of round. The free glucose and lactate contents presented higher trends in the dry-cooking treatment compared with the wet-cooking treatment. The wet-cooked top round had higher (p<0.05) free glucose than the wet-cooked eye of round. Moreover, the top round contained the highest lactate content regardless of cooking condition. Consequently, it is considered that the dry-cooking treatment would be more beneficial to the flavor of cooked beef muscles than the wet-cooking treatment.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2018

In this study, an eye-tracking program that can confirm a design cognition process was developed for the purpose of presenting strategic methods to create fashion images, and the program was used to identify what effects fashion models' external characteristics have on the cognition of design. The data for analysis were collected through an eyemovement tracking experiment and a survey, with the focus on the research problem that differences in models' external uniformity will lead to differences in the eye movement for perceiving models and design as well as the image sensibility. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, it was confirmed that the uniformity of model types and the simplicity/complexity of design led to differences in the eye movement directed at design and models and the gaze ratio. Consequently, it is deemed that models should be selected in consideration of the characteristics of design and the intention of planning when creating fashion images. Second, it was found that in terms of the cognition of design, external conditions of models affect design sensibility. A change in models led to a subtle difference in sensibility cognition even when the design condition did not change. Thus, not only the design but also model attributes are factors that should be considered important in fashion planning.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.245-252
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• 2013

Leaf area index (LAI) is important in explaining the ability of crops to intercept solar energy for biomass production, amount of plant transpiration, and in understanding the impact of crop management practices on crop growth. This paper describes a procedure for estimating LAI as a function of image-derived vegetation indices from temporal series of RapidEye imagery obtained from 2010 to 2012 using empirical models in a rice plain in Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. Rice plants were sampled every two weeks to investigate LAI, fresh and dry biomass from late May to early October. RapidEye images were taken from June to September every year and corrected geometrically and atmospherically to calculate normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Linear, exponential, and expolinear models were developed to relate temporal satellite NDVIs to measured LAI. The expolinear model provided more accurate results to predict LAI than linear or exponential models based on root mean square error. The LAI distribution was in strong agreement with the field measurements in terms of geographical variation and relative numerical values when RapidEye imagery was applied to expolinear model. The spatial trend of LAI corresponded with the variation in the vegetation growth condition.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.456-463
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• 2004

Non-intrusive methods based on active remote IR illumination for eye tracking is important for many applications of vision-based man-machine interaction. One problem that has plagued those methods is their sensitivity to lighting condition change. This tends to significantly limit their scope of application. In this paper, we present a new real-time eye detection and tacking methodology that works under variable and realistic lighting conditions. Based on combining the bright-Pupil effect resulted from IR light and the conventional appearance-based object recognition technique, our method can robustly track eyes when the pupils ale not very bright due to significant external illumination interferences. The appearance model is incorporated in both eyes detection and tacking via the use of support vector machine and the mean shift tracking. Additional improvement is achieved from modifying the image acquisition apparatus including the illuminator and the camera.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.533-544
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• 1997

Among numerous factors that have an effect on visual field, the effects of background condition on the size of the visual field were investigated to obtain more practical visual field that can be readily applicable to industrial settings. A visual experiment was conducted, in which the subject was instructed to search a target with distinct orientations. Size contrast, meridian, nontarget density, and subject's gender showed a significant effect on the size of the visual field at $\alpha=0.01$. The size of the visual field was linearly proportional to size contrast, and inversely proportional to density. Female's visual fields were found to be significantly larger than male subjects', The size of the visual field on horizontal axis was larger than that on vertical axis, and the size of the head & eye field on right meridian was also larger than that on left meridian. The shape was found to be horizontally oriented oval and statistically asymmetric with respect to horizontal and vertical axes. The regression equations to predict the visual fields on the given background condition were suggested. The visual fields suggested in this study would be valuable to the design of visual displays and the panel layout of various displays and controls.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 1995

Depending upon the eye and head movement, the visual field is often classified into three categories ; stationary field, eye field and head and eye field. To investigate the effect of background condition on the size of the visual field, an experiment was conducted, in which the subject was instructed to search a target with distinct orientations. In each trial, a single target was presented on the perimeter modified to cover the range of 330 .deg. around the fixation point, with the visual angle subtended 1.4 .deg. vertically and horizontally. Nontarget density, meridian, size contrast and subject showed a significant effect on the visual field at .alpha. =0.01, where density was inversely proportional to the size of the visual field, and size contrast linearly proportional to the size of the visual field. The size of the visual field on horizontal axis was larger than that on vertical axis, and that on right and upper meridian was also larger than on left and lower meridian. The shape was found to be horizontally oriented oval and statistically asymmetric with respect to horizontal and vertical axes. In addition, the regression equations to predict the visual field on the given background condition were suggested. These results were expected to be used as a design guideline when arranging displays and controls on panels such as automobile display panels, cockpits, etc.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.377-399
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study is to understand and identify the critical issues in vision research area using content analysis and network analysis. Background: Vision, the most influential factor in information processing, has been studied in a wide range of area. As studies on vision are dispersed across a broad area of research and the number of published researches is ever increasing, a bibliometric analysis towards literature would assist researchers in understanding and identifying critical issues in their research. Method: In this study, content and network analysis were applied on the meta-data of literatures collected using three search keywords: 'visual search', 'eye movement', and 'eye tracking'. Results: Content analysis focuses on extracting meaningful information from the text, deducting seven categories of research area; 'stimuli and task', 'condition', 'measures', 'participants', 'eye movement behavior', 'biological system', and 'cognitive process'. Network analysis extracts relational aspect of research areas, presenting characteristics of sub-groups identified by community detection algorithm. Conclusion: Using these methods, studies on vision were quantitatively analyzed and the results helped understand the overall relation between concepts and keywords. Application: The results of this study suggests that the use of content and network analysis helps identifying not only trends of specific research areas but also the relational aspects of each research issue while minimizing researchers' bias. Moreover, the investigated structural relationship would help identify the interrelated subjects from a macroscopic view.