• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.91-100
• /
• 2014

This study was to examine how visual angle of matrix corresponding to the physical properties of P300 speller and eye gaze corresponding to the user's personal characteristics influence on the accuracy of P300. Visual angle of the matrix was operated as the distance between the user and the matrix and three groups were composed: 60 cm group, 100 cm groups, and 150 cm group. Eye gaze methods was consisted three conditions. Head moving condition was putting eye gaze using head, pupil moving condition was moving pupil with the head fixed, while the eye fixed condition is to fix the eye gaze at the center of the matrix. The results showed that there was significant difference in the accuracy of P300 speller according to the eye gaze method. The accuracy of the head moving condition was higher than the accuracy of pupil moving conditions, accuracy of pupil moving conditions was higher than the accuracy of the eye fixed conditions. However, the effect of visual angle of matrix and interaction effect were not significant. When P300 amplitude of target character was measured depending on how you stare at the target character, P300 amplitude of the head moving condition was greater than P300 amplitude of the pupil moving condition. There was no significant difference in the error distribution in head moving condition and pupil moving condition, while there was a significant difference between two eye gaze conditions and fixed gaze condition. The error was located at the neighboring characters of the target character in head moving condition and pupil moving condition, while the error was relatively distributed widely in fixed eye condition, error was occurred with high rate in characters far away from the center of matrix.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.349-356
• /
• 2020

This paper introduces the implementation of a driver's condition warning system using eye aspect ratio to prevent a car accident. The proposed driver's condition warning system using eye aspect ratio consists of a camera, that is required to detect eyes, the Raspberrypie that processes information on eyes from the camera, buzzer and vibrator, that are required to warn the driver. In order to detect and recognize driver's eyes, the histogram of oriented gradients and face landmark estimation based on deep-learning are used. Initially the system calculates the eye aspect ratio of the driver from 6 coordinates around the eye and then gets each eye aspect ratio values when the eyes are opened and closed. These two different eye aspect ratio values are used to calculate the threshold value that is necessary to determine the eye state. Because the threshold value is adaptively determined according to the driver's eye aspect ratio, the system can use the optimal threshold value to determine the driver's condition. In addition, the system synthesizes an input image from the gray-scaled and LAB model images to operate in low lighting conditions.

• Journal of Urban Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2020

Steps are very common features in our living environment. Unfortunately, the occurrence of accidents on steps is thus inevitable. A failed visibility to recognize a step remains the most common attribute in these accidents. In this research, sensory scales of step visibility were created in order to examine the effects of two factors on step visibility in sensory testing methods; observation height from floor and eye condition while viewing a step from the descending direction. Results of sensory tests revealed strong influence of eye condition on step visibility. Influence of visual characteristics of each step was also examined and clarified.

• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.39-51
• /
• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the control process to satisfy spatial and temporal constraints imposed upon the anticipation timing response by analyzing the effect of spatio-temporal accuracy demands on eye movements, response accuracy, and the coupling of eye and hand movements. Research design, data, and methodology: 12 right-handed male subjects participated in the experiment and performed anticipation timing responses toward a stimulus moving at three velocities (0.53m/s, 0.66m/s, 0.88m/s) in two task constraint conditions (temporal constraint, spatial constraint). During the response, response accuracy and eye movement patterns were measured from which timing and radial errors, the latency of saccade, fixation duration of the point of gaze (POG), distance between the POG and stimulus, and spatio-temporal coupling of the POG and hand were calculated. Results: The timing and radial errors increased with increasing stimulus velocity, and the spatio-temporal constraints led to larger timing errors than the temporal constraints. The latency of saccade and the temporal coupling of eye and hand decreased with increasing stimulus velocity and were shorter and longer respectively in the spatio-temporal constraint condition than in the temporal constraint condition. The fixation duration of the POG also decreased with increasing stimulus velocity, but no difference was shown between task constraint conditions. The distance between the POG and stimulus increased with increasing stimulus velocity and was longer in the temporal constraint condition compared to the spatio-temporal constraint condition. The spatial coupling of eye and hand was larger with the velocity 0.88m/s than those in other velocity conditions. Conclusions: These results suggest that differences in eye movement patterns and spatio-temporal couplings of stimulus, eye and hand by task constraints are closely related with the accuracy of anticipation timing responses, and the spatial constraints imposed may decrease the temporal accuracy of response by increasing the complexity of perception-action coupling.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
• /
• v.15 no.8
• /
• pp.839-844
• /
• 2009

In this paper, a real-time eye tracking method using fast face detection is proposed. Most of the current eye tracking systems have operational limitations due to sensors, complicated backgrounds, and uneven lighting condition. It also suffers from slow response time which is not proper for a real-time application. The tracking performance is low under complicated background and uneven lighting condition. The proposed algorithm detects face region from acquired image using elliptic Hough transform followed by eye detection within the detected face region using Haar-like features. In order to reduce the computation time in tracking eyes, the algorithm predicts next frame search region from the information obtained in the current frame. Experiments through simulation show good performance of the proposed method under various environments.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.64-71
• /
• 2011

There are a method to analyze reactions or psychological condition and a method to observe visitor's behavioral reaction as methods to measure and evaluate humans' recognition behavior reaction of humans. The measure of the eye movement as a method to living body's reaction and psychological condition has an advantage to measure the information acceptance reaction of view recognition of the stimulus of view composition factors which has been used since a long time ago in other research areas, but almost not studies have been made on the exhibition views in museums. Therefore, on the premise of such recognition, this study aimed at obtaining various types of information through vision angles of visitor in exhibition space of an museum and judging space information, at measuring the condition of information acceptance through attention experiments and observation investigation of and finding out the disposition and characteristics so as to verify the relationship between the exhibition space and exhibition Method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
• /
• v.27 no.9
• /
• pp.1321-1326
• /
• 1990

In this paper, the eye-opening conditions are investigated for the minimum bandwidth digital transmission systems where the sinc functions is used as a basic pulse so that only the Nyquist bandwidth is required for the channel. In order for these systems to be tolerant to the timing jitter in the receiver, the eye pattern should be open horizontally. It is proved that an eye opening condition which has been understood only as a sufficiency becomes a necessity as well. As its result, having a spectral null at teh Nyquist frequency is shown to have the same meaning as eye opening.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.407-411
• /
• 2012

Space-borne remote sensing is an effective and inexpensive way to identify crop fields and detect the crop condition. We examined the multi-temporal spectral characteristics of rice fields in South Korea to detect their phenological development and condition. These rice fields are compact, small-scale parcels of land. For the analysis, moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and RapidEye images acquired in 2011 were used. The annual spectral tendencies of different crop types could be detected using MODIS data because of its high temporal resolution, despite its relatively low spatial resolution. A comparison between MODIS and RapidEye showed that the spectral characteristics changed with the spatial resolution. The vegetation index (VI) derived from MODIS revealed more moderate values among different land-cover types than the index derived from RapidEye. Additionally, an analysis of various VIs using RapidEye satellite data showed that the VI adopting the red edge band reflected crop conditions better than the traditionally used normalized difference VI.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.27-33
• /
• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in the effects of eye-mask and light-off on sleep status according to a commercial fitness tracker and a sleep diary of psychiatric in-patients in correctional facilities where nocturnal light is compulsory. Methods: This study was conducted over 3 consecutive nights. In-patients of the National Forensic Psychiatric Hospital (n = 29) were assigned random subject numbers and slept as usual in the light-on condition on the first night. The subjects slept with eye-masks in the light-on condition on another night and without an eye-mask in the light-off condition on the other night. Subjects were asked to sleep wearing a commercial fitness tracker and to keep a sleep diary. The order of these changes in bedroom lighting condition on the second and third nights was assigned randomly to participants. Results: In comparison of the sleep variables between the light-on condition and the eye-mask condition, the Wakefullness After Sleep Onset (WASO) was shorter and sleep satisfaction was higher in the latter.(respectively, Z = 3.66, p < 0.017 ; Z = 2.69, p < 0.017) In comparison of the sleep variables between the light-on and light-off conditions, the WASO was shorter and sleep efficiency and sleep satisfaction were higher in the latter (respectively, Z = 2.40, p < 0.017 ; Z = 3.02, p < 0.017 ; Z = 3.88, p < 0.017). However, there were no differences in the sleep variables between the eye-mask condition and the light-off condition. Conclusion: Subjective improvements in sleep variables were noted in sleep diaries of institutionalized psychiatric patients under either the 'eye-mask' or 'light-off' condition. However, there were no significant differences between the 'eye-mask' and 'light-off' conditions. Therefore, we suggest that psychiatric patients in correctional facilities use eye-masks when sleeping.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2009.02a
• /
• pp.535-536
• /
• 2009

This paper presents a new approximation for the crystalline lens of the human eye with refracting surfaces based on schematic eye during accommodation. A new model eye describes the iso- indical profiles in the form of symmetric spherical surfaces. A vary important condition which was imposed upon the parameters (thickness, radius) was the lens volume conservation during accommodation.