• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.99-104
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• 2014

Generally, human eye blinks are closely associated with the cognitive state or visual attention such as attentional requirements on visual stimuli. These previous studies have reported that eye blinks are related to explicit visual attention using blink rate, pattern and blink timing across subjects. However, these results have been obtained in a well-controlled experimental settings. So, it would prove difficult to investigate human's natural response in a continuous and realistic situation. In our study, we measured the eye blink intervals while participants viewed a movie clip. And we analyzed the blink interval data for relationship between visual attention and eye blink intervals. 24 participants took part in two experimental sessions, first session to measure the IEBI while viewing the movie clip and second session to conduct a memory performance test using a self-questionnaire, which were spaced 3 weeks apart. The results indicate significantly higher memory performance at long IEBI period than short IEBI period while watching a movie clip(t = 3.257, df = 17, p < 0.005, 2-tailed). In addition, memory performance score significantly correlated with the IEBI value(spearman's rho = 0.40, N = 36, p < 0.01, 2-tailed). Our results suggest that IEBI is used to measure or assess visual attention while wiewing the movie that it is capable of simulating aspects of real-life experiences by visual attention. Thus, we expect IEBI to be used to measure or assess our visual attention, cognition, further emotion about not only movies, advertisements and other cultural contents but also cognitive science.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.485-491
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• 1997

본 논문은 각성상태에 다른 생리신호와 행위신호 및 주관적 평가의 상관관계에 대하여 나타내었다. Nz와 반응시간은 mKSS level 의 변화와 동일한 경향을 나타내는데 반하여 1분당 눈 깜박임 수는 앞의 두 가지 변수와 다른 경향을 나타내었다. 1분당 눈깜박임 수는 mKSS level 1에서 5까지는 낮은 변화율 갖고 mKSS level 7에서는 높은 변화율을 갖는 반면에 mKSS level 9에서는 이와 반대로 변화율이 급격히 감소한다. 피검자들은 서로다른 1분당 눈깜박임 수(EBR)를 가지나 EBR의 변화율은 비슷하였다. 그러므로 EBR의 변화율을 각성판정지표로 사용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 반응시간 실험 결과로부터mKSS level 5이상부터 작업수행능력이 낮아짐을 알 수 있었고 false positive 와 false negative 가 mKSS level3부터 관찰되었으므로 효과적으로 각성제어를 위하여 mKSS level 3과 5사이에 각성상태를 향상시키기 위한 소리나 향기 등의 자극을 주어야 함을 알 수 있었다.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.1109-1114
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• 2018

뇌파(Electroencephalogram, EEG)는 외부 자극 때문에 발생하는 뇌 활동을 연구하기 위해 사용되는 도구로 두피에 전극을 부착하여 기록한다. 이 과정에서 잡파(artifact)가 혼입되어 신호를 왜곡시키기 쉬워 이를 제거하기 위한 후처리가 필수적이다. 잡파 제거를 위해 널리 사용되는 방법으로 독립성분분석(Independent Component Analysis, ICA)이 존재한다. 이 방법은 성능은 우수하나 뇌파 정보를 일부 손실시키는 단점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 보완하기 위해 시선 추적 센서(Eyetracker)를 통해 얻은 눈 깜빡임 정보를 이용하여 필터 적용 범위를 제한함으로써 뇌파 정보 손실을 줄이는 방법을 제안한다. 이후 신호 대 잡음 비(Signal to Noise Ratio, SNR), 스펙트럼 일관성(Spectral Coherence, SC) 등의 정량화 방법을 이용하여 기존의 방법과 제안하는 방법의 결과를 비교하였다.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2021

This study aimed to verify the criteria of the driver monitoring systems proposed by UNECE ACSF informal working group and the ministry of land, infrastructure, and transport of South Korea using driving behavior data. In order to verify the criteria, we investigated the safety regulations of driver monitoring systems in a conditional autonomous vehicle and found that the driver monitoring measures were related to eye blinks times, head movements, and eye closed duration. Thus, we took two different experimental data including real-world driving and simulator-based drowsy driving behaviors in previous studies. The real-world driving data were used for analyzing blink times and head movement intervals, and the drowsiness data were used for eye closed duration. In the drowsy driving study, 10 drivers drove approximately 37 km of a monotonous highway (about 22 min) twice. The results suggested that the appropriate duration of eyes continuously closed was 4 seconds. The results from real-world driving data were presented in the other paper - part 1.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.185-197
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference between eye movements according to science achievement of elementary school students in observation situation. Science achievement was based on the results of national achievement test conducted in 2012, a random sampling of classes. As an assessment tool to check observation test, two observation measure problems from TSPS (Test of Science Process Skill; developed in 1994) suitable for eye tracking system are adopted. The subjects of this study were twenty students of sixth grade who agreed to participate in the research. SMI (SensoMotoric Instruments)' iView $X^{TM}$ RED was used to collect eye movement data and Experiment 3.1 and BeGaze 3.1 program were used to plan and analyze experiment. As a result, eye movements in observation test varied greatly in fixation duration, frequency, saccade, saccade velocity and eye blink according to students' science achievement. Based on the result of eye movements analysis, heuristic search eye movement was discussed as an alternative to improve underachievers' science achievement.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.38-44
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• 2021

This study aimed to verify the criteria of the driver monitoring systems proposed by UNECE ACSF informal working group and the ministry of land, infrastructure, and transport of South Korea using driving behavior data. In order to verify the criteria, we investigated the safety regulations of driver monitoring systems in a conditional autonomous vehicle and found that the driver monitoring measures were related to eye blinks times, head movements, and eye closed duration. Thus, we took two different experimental data including real-world driving and simulator-based drowsy driving behaviors in previous studies. The real-world driving data were used for analyzing blink times and head movement intervals, and the drowsiness data were used for eye closed duration. In the real-world driving study, 52 drivers drove approximately 11.0 km of rural road (about 20 min), 7.9 km of urban road (about 25 min), and 20.8 km of highway (about 20 min). The results suggested that the appropriate number of blinks during the last 60 seconds was 4 times, and the head movement interval was 35 seconds. The results from drowsy driving data will be presented in another paper - part 2.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제39C권2호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 사용자에게서 취득한 뇌파의 감정분류를 시행하였고, SVM(Support Vector Machine)과 K-means 알고리즘으로 분류실험을 하였다. 뇌파 신호는 측정 한 32개의 채널 중에서, 이전 연구에서 감정분류가 뚜렷하게 나타났던 CP6, Cz, FC2, T7, PO4, AF3, CP1, CP2, C3, F3, FC6, C4, Oz, T8, F8의 총 15개의 채널을 사용하였다. 감정유도는 DVD 시청과 IAPS(International Affective Picture System)라는 사진 자극 방법을 사용하였고, 감정분류는 SAM(Self-Assessment Manikin) 방법을 사용하여 사용자의 감정상태를 파악하였다. 취득된 사용자의 뇌파신호는 FIR filter를 사용하여 전처리를 하였고, ICA(Independence Component Analysis)를 사용하여 인공산물(eye-blink)을 제거하였다. 전처리된 데이터를 FFT를 통하여 주파수 분석을 하여 특징추출(feature extraction) 하였다. 마지막으로 분류알고리즘을 사용하여 실험을 하였는데, K-means는 70%의 결과를 도출하였고, SVM은 71.85%의 결과를 도출하여 정확도가 더 우수하였으며, 이전의 SVM을 사용했던 연구결과와 비교분석하였다.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2024

This paper presents an alternative solution for applying MetaHuman facial animations using MediaPipe, providing a versatile option to the Live Link iPhone system. Our approach involves capturing facial expressions with various camera devices, including webcams, laptop cameras, and Android phones, processing the data for landmark detection, and applying these landmarks in Unreal Engine Blueprint to animate MetaHuman characters in real-time. Techniques such as the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) for blink detection and the One Euro Filter for data smoothing ensure accurate and responsive animations. Experimental results demonstrate that our system provides a cost-effective and flexible alternative for iPhone non-users, enhancing the accessibility of advanced facial capture technology for applications in digital media and interactive environments. This research offers a practical and adaptable method for real-time facial animation, with future improvements aimed at integrating more sophisticated emotion detection features.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.274-284
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• 2021

Customized services to a sleep induction for better sleepcare are more effective because of different satisfaction levels to users. The EOG data measured at the frontal lobe when a person blinks his eyes can be used as biometric data because it has different values for each person. The accuracy of measurement is degraded by a noise source, such as toss and turn. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the noisy data and remove them from normal EOG by filtering. There are low-pass filtering and high-pass filtering as filtering using a frequency band. However, since filtering within a frequency band range is also required for more effective performance, we propose a machine learning model for the filtering of EOG data in this paper as the second filtering method. In addition, optimal values of parameters such as the depth of the hidden layer, the number of nodes of the hidden layer, the activation function, and the dropout were found through experiments, to improve the performance of the machine learning filtering model, and the filtering performance of 95.7% was obtained. Eventually, it is expected that it can be used for effective user identification services by using filtering model for EOG data.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.135-142
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• 2011

There occurs subtle shaking in our eyes while in looking at objects and this study sets up the standard of reconciliation from the property of observation and organizes the property of data reconciliation by the observation range to secure the feasibility of reconciliation range and method of the original data obtained from observation experiment and its analysis process. The results from above study can be concluded as in the followings: First, it made clear the process to exclude eye blink and data out of image range from the original data so to set up the range of available data. Second, on the basis of existing theory, it was possible to define the minimum attention time as 0.1 second (3 times of observation) and the visual understanding time of space as 0.3 second (9 times of observation) in the study on the property of observation, and this definition of observation time of sight fixation becomes an important indicator in the analysis of observation data. Third, based on the observation theory of continuity securing and attention, it was able to arrange the standard of reconciliation by carrying out reconciliation works only when fixed data with more than three times of observation showed consecutively before and behind the data with intermittent movements. Fourth, In the sector whether visual understanding occurred (more than 9 times), it increased by 12% for the frequency of observation and by 7.8% for the times of observation compared with the ones before the reconciliation. These results showed to have a constant change by subjects so that it was able to arrange a foundation to secure objective data in the analysis of the observation range and its extent.