• KSBB Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1989

Lauryl alcohol was used as extracting solvent of ethanol, and its toxicity on the free cells or immobilized cells was tested. To increase ethanol productivity, extractive fermentation method combined with ethanol fermentation and ethanol recovery was applied to the immobilized batch and continuous fermenter. As the concentration of LaOH was increased, the lag phase became longer, but specific growth rate did not change greatly. And a cell entrapment technique could protect the yeast cells against both substrate inhibition and solvent toxicity. When the glucose concentration was 400 g/l and the LaOH/fermentation medium ratio was 4, total ethanol productivity increased with the enhancement of LaOH volume, and maximum productivity was 2.75 g/l.hr in the immobilized batch fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.615-621
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• 2009

In order to optimize the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) conditions of volatile components from the strawberry, we conducted an evaluation of the sample preparation and SFE operating conditions. The analysis of the volatile components extracted by a variety of sample preparation protocols led to the identification of 30, 26, 30, and 34 volatile components in fresh, freeze-dried, 30% celite and 70% celite treatments, respectively. The 70% celite treatment was the most effective in extracting the volatile components from strawberry via SFE. Analysis of the volatile components extracted by a variety of SFE operating conditions yielded identifications of 34, 35, 34, and 35 volatile components at 3,000 psi (40, $50^{\circ}C$) and 6,000 psi (40, $50^{\circ}C$), respectively. The extraction yield of alcohols and acids, and the total volatile component contents, were highest under conditions of 3,000 psi and $55^{\circ}C$. Volatile components from the strawberry were extracted via SFE, simultaneous steam distillation and extraction (SDE), and solvent extraction (SE). The analysis of the volatile components extracted via different extraction methods resulted in the identification of 56, 34, and 32 volatile components in the SDE, SFE, and SE extracts, respectively. The total volatile component contents identified in the SDE, SFE, and SE extracts were $20.268{\pm}1.144$, $21.627{\pm}1.215$ and $2.476{\pm}0.177\;mg/kg$, respectively. The SFE extract evidenced higher contents of sweet flavors such as 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, and hexanoic acid than the SDE and SE extracts. SFE proved to be the most appropriate method for the extraction of fresh volatile components from the strawberry.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 1979

The solvent extracting of the tobacco has been carried out in order to find out any effects for the removal and/or reduction of nicotine from tobacco without affecting the tobacco flavor. We have now completed the physico-chemical characterization of the solvent untreated/treated tobaccos and 2) the contents of the tar and nicotine in the smoke. The results obtained ate like followings; 1. 3% alcohol extraction reduced the total nitrogen content for the Bright by 36.4%. However, it could not reduce the sugar content. 2. Nicotine content in tobacco leaves was inversely proportional to the dipping time Essentially same results were obtained in anacidic solution and even in a solution containing both alkali and acid. 3. Derivative thermogravimetric(DTG) curves indicated test extraction was effective by removing tobacco leaf components which could decompose or volatilize between the temperature of $150^{\circ}C\;and\;350^{\circ}C$. 4. 3% alcohol extracted leaf have the substantial improvements as following; (1) bulk filling power of 10% and 24% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively, (2) combustibility shortening of about 3 minute and 2 minute for Burley and Bright tobaccos, respectively, (3) reduction ratio(%) of nicotine was found to be shout 61.5% and 54.5% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively, (4) reduction ratio (%) of tar was obtained to he about 25% and 15% for Burley and Bright tobacco, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.584-588
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• 2006

This study was carried out to optimize the conditions for the extraction of antioxidative materials from licorice root, Glycyrrhiz glabra. Chipped licorice roots were extracted with several solvents and their antioxidative activities were tested to determine the optimal extraction solvent. Among the solvents tested, 95% ethanol gave the highest free radical scavenging activity, and was therefore chosen as the optimal extracting solvent. The optimum extraction temperature and time were $20^{\circ}C$ and 12 hr, respectively. Next, the free radical scavenging activity of the ethanol extract was compared with that of other known antioxidants such as ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Ethanol extract of licorice root had greater antioxidative activity than ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and a similar level to that of the two synthetic antioxidants (BHA and BHT). Moreover, the antioxidative activity of the ethanol extract was inhibited neither by heat treatment at $180^{\circ}C$ for 30 min nor by treatment at extreme pH. These findings suggest that ethanol extract of G. glabra may be useful as a natural antioxidant.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to investigate antioxidant properties in microbial fermentation products of Lonicera japonica Thunb extract. The bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum NHP1 was isolated from conventional fermented foods. Modern pharmacological studies show that Lonicera japonica Thunb and its active principles of wide pharmacological actions. For instance, they show a strong efficacy in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-endotoxin, blood fat reducing, antipyretic, and antioxidant activities. The extract of Lonicera japonica Thunb was obtained by extracting dried Lonicera japonica Thunb using either hot water or 70% ethanol as a solvent. Fermentation was performed in a 2L fermentor containing 1.2 L of extractat conditions of $30^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm for 48 hr. The amount of cholorogenic acid was $2.65{\mu}g/g$ in hot water extract. The total phenolic content (GAE, gallic acid equivalent) in hot water and 70% ethanol were $56.5{\pm}4.9$ GAE mg/g and $72.7{\pm}5.3$ GAE mg/g, respectively. After fermentation, the phenolic content increased to 30.2% in hot water and 12.9% in ethanol extract. In the same manner, flavonoid content increased to more than 75% regardless of extract solvent. ABTS (2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) value noticeably increased to 50% after fermentation.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2017

The present study to develop a process for extracting nitric acid and gold from aqua regia leach solution using TBP(tributyl phosphate) was conducted. The pure aqua regia was used to investigate the extractive behavior of nitric acid depending on the concentration of extractant, concentration ratio of nitric and hydrochloric acid. The extraction rate of nitric acid and gold from the gold bearing aqua regia was also examined. The theoretical extraction number was verified by counter current using the number of operations and the phase ratio obtained from McCabe-Thiele diagram. Stripping experiments were carried out for continuous recovery of nitric acid and gold in loaded organic. Considering the effect of extraction acid and gold, the simulation showed that greater than 99.9% extraction of $103.0mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ gold and 98.0% of $151.2g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ nitric acid could be attained in a two and three-stage counter-current extraction at an O/A phase ratio of 1:0.85. Distilled water and sodium thiosulfate were used as the nitric acid and gold stripping solution. The stripping rates were 99.5% and 92.0%, respectively. The study revealed that the recovery of nitric acid and gold from gold bearing aqua regia was a plausible approach through simultaneous extraction and continuous stripping of nitric acid and gold.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2019

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is widely used as a food material. Although various physiological activities of rosemary have been reported, there have been no studies on the physiological activity of solvent extracts with different polarities. Rosemary extracts were obtained by extraction of dried powder using 0%, 25%, 50%, 70%, and 95% ethanol (EtOH) in distilled water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. As these ratios of EtOH are generally chosen by default and scarcely optimized, we investigated the impact of the composition of EtOH in distilled water on extract-related characteristics, such as DPPH free radical scavenging and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition, on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and inhibition of tyrosinase. Adipogenesis inhibition was highest at 70% EtOH. DPPH scavenging activity and inhibition of tyrosinase activity were reduced with 50% EtOH in water. However, inhibition of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity was higher in 50% EtOH in water. The best solvents in terms of DPPH scavenging activity, inhibition of tyrosinase and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and differentiation of adipocytes obtained with different concentrations of EtOH, although a lower similar activities were found with 50% ethanol. Considering the extraction solvents, a ratio of EtOH in water gives different content and constituents of compounds. These differences will give activities inhibition of adipogenesis, tyrosinase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity, and DPPH scavenging activity.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.386-391
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• 2022

This study is about a technique for obtaining collagen by extracting fat by treating collagen-containing liposuction effluent in the presence of supercritical fluid. Using a supercritical solvent, a collagen extract could be obtained from animal-derived fat in a short time (about 6 hours), and about 2-3% of collagen by mass compared to the raw material could be obtained. The presence of collagen in the extract obtained by supercritical extraction was confirmed by SDS-PAGE, and it was confirmed that it was type 1 collagen having a relatively large molecular weight. In addition, the growth factors of IGF-1, bFGF, VEGF and NGF were analyzed to find out which growth factors were present in the collagen obtained by supercritical extraction, and it was found that these growth factors were contained in the extract. There was no significant difference in DNA content per mg of sample before and after supercritical treatment. Further in-depth studies are likely to be needed on decellularization technology using the supercritical process. In conclusion, the extracellular matrix obtained through the solvent extraction process using a supercritical fluid contains growth factors above a certain amount even after decellularization and removal of fat, so that it was found that not only biocompatibility is greatly increased, but also tissue regeneration can be rapidly induced.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.423-432
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• 1986

Atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) determination of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in a waste water was studied. Cr(VI) was extracted with p-xylene from the wastewater, in the way of ion pair formation with anion exchanger aliquat-336(tri-caprylmethyl ammonium chloride). 100ml waste water, after organic materials were extracted out with toluene, was acidified with conc. HCl adjusting the medium to pH 0.5 and 20ml of p-xylene containing 0.01M aliguat-336 was used to extract Cr(VI) from the acidified solution. The absorbance of chromium was measured with air-acetylene flame at 357.9nm. Standard addition method was used in the determining concentration of Cr(VI) extracted. No interference has been found in the extraction of Cr(VI) by the Al(III), Fe(III) and Cr(III) ion presented. However, Fe(II) decreased the absorbance of Cr(VI), due to the fact Fe(II) reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The contained organic material was removed prior to extracting process, since it may reduced the absorbance of Cr(VI). The recovery of added Cr(VI) was over 96%, which seems to be promising and the relative standard deviation was 3.95%

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2010

In order to facilitate the quality control of Artemisia capillaris, a simple, accurate and reliable HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the six bioactive compounds: scopolin (1), chlorogenic acid (2), 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone 4-glycoside (3), hyperoside (4), isorhamnetin 3-Orobinobioside (5), and scoparone (6), which were selected as the chemical markers of A. capillaris. Separation was achieved on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column with a gradient solvent system of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous-acetonitrile at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min and detected at 254 nm. All six calibration curves showed good linearity ($R^2$ > 0.998). A simple reversed phase HPLC method was developed for extracting pharmacologically active compounds scopolin, chlorogenic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone 4-glycoside, hyperoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-robinobioside, and scoparone from A. capillaris using a binary gradient of acetonitrile : 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid with UV detection at 254 nm. The scopolin (1), chlorogenic acid (2), 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methoxyacetophenone 4-glycoside (3), hyperoside (4), isorhamnetin 3-O-robinobioside (5), and scoparone (6) contents of the herb of A. capillaris collected from fifteen district markets in Korea were 0.00~0.90 mg/g, 0.06~7.29 mg/g, 0.06~0.91 mg/g, 0.07~5.05 mg/g, 0.42~13.11 mg/g, and 1.11~29.82 mg/g, respectively. The results demonstrated that this method is simple and reliable for the quality control of A. capillaris.