• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.244-252
• /
• 2023

This study was conducted to provide basic data on the antioxidant activity, inhibition of adipocyte differentiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of a mixture of Brassica juncea extract (BJE) and fermented black rice fraction (BRF). We investigated the total phenol content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant effects (DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging, reducing power, FRAP and ORAC assay) and anti-obesity activity of the mixture in 3T3-L1 cells. Our results showed that the total phenol and flavonoid content increased with increasing BRF mixture ratio. The antioxidant activity increased as the BRF mixture ratio increased. In addition, BJE and BRF mixtures did not show any cytotoxicity during the 3T3-L1 differentiation period. During adipocyte differentiation, BJE and BRF mixtures significantly inhibited lipid accumulation and ROS production compared to the control group. These results warrant further experiments to develop an anti-obesity functional food using a mixture of BJE and BRF.

• Journal of Mushroom
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.344-356
• /
• 2020

This study aimed to investigate the biological activities and amino acid content in the mixtures of roasted edible mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus, and Lentinula edodes) and grain additives (oat and brown rice) obtained under different extraction conditions for the development of mushroom tea. The total amount of polyphenol and β-glucan in edible mushrooms was increased with the roasting treatment compared to that observed with the air-drying treatment. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activity and the amount of all amino acid components, including glutamic acid (Glu), were higher in the oat extracts than those observed in the brown rice. The biological activities and nutrient content were examined based on extraction temperatures and thetime required to obtain the mixtures of edible mushrooms and grain additives. The extract of a 1:1 mixture of L. edodes + oat (LE+O) obtained at 100℃, 3 min showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity (33.5%), and the extract of 3:1 mixture of P. ostreatus + brown rice (PO+B) obtained at 100℃, 3 min showed high nitrite scavenging activity (49.9%). The total polyphenol content of the extract of 3:1 mixture of P. ostreatus + brown rice (PO+B) was the highest when obtained at 16.2 mg GAE/g and+ brown rice (PO+B) was the highest when obtained at 16.2 mg GAE/g and 70℃, 10 min. The essential amino acid content was higher in the 1:1 mixing ratio of P. ostreatus + oat (PO+O) and P. ostreatus + brown rice (PO+B) and 3:1 mixing ratio. L. edodes + oat (LE+O) and L. edodes + brown rice (LE+B) compared to that observed in other mixing ratios.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.247-258
• /
• 2019

Background: Astragali radix (A) and Lithospermi radix (L) have long been used as traditional medicines due to their known anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed at evaluating, their optimal mixing ratio and their functional compounds by investigating the inhibitory effects of mixed extracts of A and L and their active compounds on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Methods and Results: A and L extracts were obtained by extraction at $80^{\circ}C$ using 50% and 70% fermented alcohol, respectively, and then mixed at a ratio of 5 : 5, 6 : 4, 7 : 3 and 8 : 2 (w/w). The activities of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were evaluated in interleukin-1beta ($IL-1{\beta}$)-induced SW1353 cells. The extract mixtures showed synergistic inhibitory effects on MMP-3 and MMP-13, higher than the effects of the individual A and L extracts. The 7 : 3 mixture (ALM16) showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity, while among the active ingredients, calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and lithospermic acid exhibited excellent MMPs inhibitory activity. Additionally, an HPLC method was established for simultaneous quantification of the effective components of the extract mixtures, and validated by measuring the linearity, precision and accuracy of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Conclusions: ALM16 showed the most effective MMPs inhibitory activity. Calycosin-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, calycosin and lithospermic acid were identified as useful candidates, as they were the major functional compounds in the MMP inhibitory activity. Summarily, ALM16 might be a highly effective in osteoarthritis management, owing to its because it exhibits a protective effect on cartilage via excellent inhibition of MMPs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.705-710
• /
• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the difference of antimicrobial activity between $\varepsilon$-polylysine/grapefruit seed extract mixture and $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture against food-borne pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the $\varepsilon$-polylysine/grapefruit seed extract mixture was 100 times lower than that of the $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture. In case of the $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture the MIC of Bacillus cereus (0.1 $\mu$L/mL) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.1 $\mu$L/mL) were lower than that of Escherishia coli (15 $\mu$L/mL). When rices were cooked with the $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture the number of total microbial cell was decreased during storage at 2$0^{\circ}C$ as concentration of the $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture increased. The antimicrobial activity was the highest against Escherishia coli as the concentration of the $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture increased. Sensory terms such as taste, flavor and texture were not significantly different in cooked rices prepared with 0.5% $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture, but there was significantly different in cooked rices prepared with 1% (p＜0.05) in the overall acceptability, indicating that the cooked rice with 0.5% $\varepsilon$-polylysine/glyceride mixture was recommended.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.173-177
• /
• 2002

We examined effects of red ginseng on the formation of glycated protein in vivo and in vitro. The mixtures (1 : 1 : 1, v/v/v) with glucose (1.5 g/dl, hemoglobin (10 g/d) and red ginseng extract (0.5 g/dl) in 0.067 M phosphate saline buffer were incubated for 5 days in shaking water bath (37$\^{C}$, 70 RPM). Male rats were divided into three groups with one health and two diabetes, consisting of 20 heads in each group. Diabetic rats, induced by streptozotocin injection, were treated with or without red ginseng extract (100 mg/kg/day) for 3 months. The concentration of blood glucose and the rate of glycated hemoglobin were determined by commercial kits. The rate of glycated hemoglobin was significantly decreased by the addition of ginseng extract in comparison with non-addition group in vitro (12.17$\pm$ 1.01% vs 15.9$\pm$ 1.95%, meansd, p<0.01). Even though the levels of blood glucose in rats were not significantly different from each other, the rate of glycated hemoglobin in ginseng treated diabetic rats was $\pm$ se significantly lower than non-treated diabetic rats after 3 months (15.1$\pm$ 2.06% vs 20.1 $\pm$ 2.9%, mean$\pm$ sd, p<0.05). Additionally, the body weight was increased, drinking water volume was decreased non-significantly by the treatment of ginseng extract. These results suggest that ginseng can also inhibit the formation of glycated protein by other mechanisms which are not related with hyoglyemic effect of ginseng.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.58-64
• /
• 2014

In this study, edible protopanaxadiol saponin enriched fraction were prepared by ultrafiltration (UF). Ginseng extract was prepared from mixtures of ginseng main root and rootlet (root: rootlet = 4 : 6). UF system was used the four-piston Diaphragm pump equipped with 5 kDa pore size Hydrosart Cassette made by regenerated cellulose acetate (CA) or 3 kDa pore size Hollow Fiber cartridge made by polyethersulfone (PES). Total ginsenoside contents of concentrated fraction by UF system was found to higher, compared to before those of untreated method. Especially, processing of UF showed the increase of PPD-type ginsenoside, while PPT-type ginsenoside was gradually decreased by both 3 kDa and 5 kDa membrane. After removal of 80% water by the 5 kDa Hydrosart Cassette and by 3 kDa Hollow Fiber cartridge, ginsenoside Rb1 content was higher 37.2 mg/g and 25.3 mg/g than 20.8 mg/g in untreated process. The ratio of Rb1 to Rg1 (Rb1/Rg1) and PPD- to PPT- type ginsenoside (PPD/PPT) were higher in inner fluid of ginseng extract after UF by 3 kDa cartridge (47.1 and 23.5, respectively) and 5 kDa Cassette (25.3 and 11.9, respectively) than those of before UF (5.7 and 3.7, respectively). PPD-type ginsenoside enriched fraction by UF system could be developed as a new ginseng material in food and cosmetic industrials.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.19 no.8
• /
• pp.810-817
• /
• 2009

The effect of cryoprotectants (maltodextrin+glycerol) and cryoprotectants+antioxidant [ascorbic acid and/or butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)] mixtures on the survival, electrolyte leakage, and lipid degradation of freeze-dried Weissella paramesenteroides LC11 during storage was investigated and compared with that of the control (cells without additives) over a 90-day storage period at 4 or $20^{\circ}C$ in glass tubes with water activity ($a_w$) of 0.23. The survival, electrolyte leakage, and lipid degradation were evaluated through colony counts, electrical conductivity, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content, respectively. The fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography, in both the total lipid extract and the polar lipid fraction, and compared with that of the control after the 90-day storage period. As the storage proceeded, increases in leakage value and TBARS content, as well as a decrease in viability, were observed. After 90 days of storage, the major fatty acids found in both the total lipid extract and the polar lipid fraction were palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) acids. The survival, leakage value, TBARS content and 18:2/16:0 or 18:3/16:0 ratio were the greatest for the protected strain held at $4^{\circ}C$. Cells with the cryoprotectants+BHT mixture showed the highest percentage of survival and 18:2/16:0 or 18:3/16:0 ratio in both lipid extracts, as well as the lowest leakage value and TBARS content after the 90-day storage period. Drying cells with the cryoprotectants+BHT mixture considerably slowed down polar lipid degradation and loss of membrane integrity, resulting in improved viability during storage.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.102-114
• /
• 2009

Objectives: HMCO5 is an extract obtained from 8 different herbal mixtures. We undertook a safety evaluation of HMCO5 for a dose range finding (DRF) toxicity test in specific pathogen free (SPF) Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats. Methods: The male and female rats were divided into 4 groups, respectively; G(0), treated with distilled water: G(1), treated with 222 mg/kg HMC05: G(2), treated with 667 mg/kg HMC05, and G(3), treated with 2,000 mg/kg HMC05; HMC05 was administered orally for 4 weeks. The safety evaluation examined clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, ophthalmic findings, urinalysis, hematological values, absolute & relative organ weights, and necropsy findings during the tests. Results: There were no changes in clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, water consumption, and ophthalmic findings examined during the test periods. In serum biochemical values, triglyceride was increased in male group G(3) and Na$^+$ decreased significantly in male groups G(2), G(3) and G(4). In male group G(4), spleen weight decreased relatively and increases of absolute & relative left ovary weights were found. In addition, an adhesion of liver to diaphragm was found in male group G(2). However, we could not find any dose-interrelationships in these changes. Conclusions: These results indicate that HMC05 extract did not show any toxicity in the DRF toxicity study. Therefore, it suggests that establishment of 1,000, 333 and 111 mg/kg dosages are moderate in a repeated dose 26-week oral toxicity study of HMC05.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.41 no.8
• /
• pp.392-398
• /
• 1997

A method of selective determination of inorganic and organic mercury compounds has been described. The $CHCl_3$ solution of a high molecular quaternary alkylammonium salt, Aliquat 336 was used for the simultaneous preconcentration of both inorganic, $Hg^{2+}$ as its thiocyanate complex, and organic mercury compounds, $CH_3HgCl$ and $C_2H_3O_2$ $HgC_6H_5$ by extraction from their aqueous solution. Selective separation of the inorganic mercury from the extract was followed by stripping with 3 M $HClO_4 $ solution for the subsequent determination by CVAAS. Organic mercury was also determined by CVAAS after removal of $CHCl_3solvent$ from the extract and decomposition of the residue with 4% $KMnO_4 $-1 MH_2$S0_4$. The mixtures of inorganic and organic mercury compounds contained 1.0 $\mug$ as Hg in 50 mL of sample solution(0.02 ${\mu}gHg/mL$) were analysed within ${\pm}6%$ by absolute errors.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.231-242
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the synergistic protective effects of mixtures of corn silk, perilla leaf and grape stem extract (CPG mixture) against UVB-induced skin damage and compound 48/80-induced pruritus in mice. The results showed that treatment with CPG mixture exhibited much stronger suppressive effect on erythema and melanin index as well as melanin formation than treatment with ascorbic acid (AA) in UVB-irradiated mice. Moreover, the treatment with CPG mixture showed ameliorative effect on immune cell infiltration and collagen fiber destruction in UV-irradiated mice. The treatment with CPG mixture inhibited glutathione (GSH) depletion, lipid peroxidation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in UVB-irradiated mice. Furthermore, the treatment with CPG mixture inhibited compound 48/80-induced scratching behavior and histological changes in mice. Taken together, these results indicated that CPG mixture has potentials as functional and therapeutic materials against skin damage and itch-related skin diseases.