• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.62-89
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• 2019

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of topical nasal application of Herbal medicine compared with Western medicine in the treatment of Allergic Rhinitis(AR). Methods : Electronic databases including Cochrane library, PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, OASIS, KISS and KJTK(Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal) were searched by the keywords such as 'allergic rhinitis', 'nasal sprays', 'herbal medicine', 'plant extracts', and 'external application'. The quality of each RCTs was assessed by Cochrane Collaboration of 'Risk of bias(RoB) Tool'. Results : 19 RCTs were finally selected from 1419 references screened. 19 RCTs were compared with the effects of topical nasal application of Herbal medicine and Western medicine. Based on the symptom scores from 13 RCTs, topical nasal application of herbal medicine generally has a better effect on relief of AR. The two treatments have similar effects on improving the level of specific factors like IgE, IgG, IL-13, $uLTD_4$ in blood and urine. 8 RCTs showed adverse effects(AEs) in both groups and severe AEs were not reported. Conclusions : This study shows that topical nasal application of herbal medicine can improve symptoms and related factors of allergic rhinitis. Well-designed RCT studies with low risk of bias should be conducted to confirm these findings.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2016

Skin is the largest organ that protects the body from the external environmental factors such as smog, cigarette smoke, UV. Protective skin barrier is composed with keratinizational keratinocytes and intercellular lipids such as ceramides, cholesterols and fatty acids combined by the lamellar liquid crystal structure. In this research, we confirmed that the Jeju wild ginseng (JWG) extracts dose-dependently increased the expression of serine-palmitoyltransferase (SPT) protein which is associated with ceramide biosynthesis. In addition, emulsion containing 5% JWG extract was applied on skin of human volunteers for 2 weeks and then significantly reduced transepidermal water loss (TEWL) compared to that of control group. As a results, JWG extract increased the biosynthesis of ceramides that is the key components of the skin lipid through enhancing expression of SPT. In addition, JWG extract reduced TEWL resulting in improvement of skin barrier function. In this context, we suggest that JWG extract could be used as a skin barrier enhancer and moisturing agents in cosmetic fileds.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.52-70
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• 2018

Objectives : Atopic dermatitis(AD) and environmental factors are closely related, but there is lack of oriental medical examination. So we compared the relationship between AD and various environmental factors in Oriental medicine and Western medicine. Methods : We described the relationship between AD and environmental factors through the latest papers and a review of the oriental medicine literature. Results : The regional diversity of AD incidence implies a close relationship between climate factors and AD, and high altitude and low pH springs also have an effect on AD. Air pollutants from industrialization and urbanization aggravate AD. The increase in indoor residence time and the increase in room temperature and humidity have also increased the sensitization to allergens such as house dust mite. In oriental medicine, wind(風) is one of the environmental factors and is an inflammatory state due to external irritation. Wind-Humidity(風濕) refers to erythematous wetting dermatitis with itching and exudation, Wind-Fever(風熱) refers to acute inflammatory reaction with erythematous papules and plague, and Blood-Weakness(血虛) refers to aggravation and chronicization of inflammation due to persistence of skin barrier impairment. Conclusions : We examined the relationship between AD and various environmental factors. We also described the oriental medical viewpoints of the environmental factors in the occurrence of AD and skin barrier impairment.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.236-245
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• 2021

It is very important for structure designer to understand the service life variation since a wide range of service life is evaluated with changing exposure conditions and design parameters. Recently, for zero-carbon, waste plastic has been used for fuel for clinker production and this yields increase in chloride content in cement. This study is for evaluation of changing service life in the concrete with increasing initial chloride content due to usage of plastic-SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel) considering various exposure conditions and design parameters. For this, 4 levels of initial chloride content were assumed, and the service life was assessed using LIFE 365 program considering various environmental conditions including 3 levels of surface chloride content. As for analysis parameters, critical/initial chloride content, blast furnace slag powder replacement ratio, W/B(Water to Binder) ratio, cover depth, and unit mass for binder are adopted. Service life decreases with increasing initial chloride content and a significant reduction of service life is not evaluated permitting up to 1,000ppm of initial chloride content. With increasing slag replacement ratio, a longer service life can be secured since blast furnace slag powder has the effect of reducing the diffusion of external chloride ions and fixing the free chloride. It is thought that increasing initial chloride content up to European standard is helpful for enhancing sustainability and reducing carbon emission. Though the reduction in service life due to an increase in the initial chloride content is not significant in slag-concrete with low surface chloride content, careful consideration for mixing design should be paid for the exposure environment with high surface chloride content.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.934-953
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• 2021

Ciglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinedione family, and specifically binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), thereby promoting adipocyte differentiation. We hypothesized that ciglitazone as a PPARγ ligand in the absence of an adipocyte differentiation cocktail would increase adiponectin and adipogenic gene expression in bovine satellite cells (BSC). Muscle-derived BSCs were isolated from six, 18-month-old Yanbian Yellow Cattle. The BSC were cultured for 96 h in differentiation medium containing 5 µM ciglitazone (CL), 10 µM ciglitazone (CM), or 20 µM ciglitazone (CH). Control (CON) BSC were cultured only in a differentiation medium (containing 2% horse serum). The presence of myogenin, desmin, and paired box 7 (Pax7) proteins was confirmed in the BSC by immunofluorescence staining. The CL, CM, and CH treatments produced higher concentrations of triacylglycerol and lipid droplet accumulation in myotubes than those of the CON treatment. Ciglitazone treatments significantly increased the relative expression of PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), C/EBPβ, fatty acid synthase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and perilipin 2. Ciglitazone treatments increased gene expression of Pax3 and Pax7 and decreased expression of myogenic differentiation-1, myogenin, myogenic regulatory factor-5, and myogenin-4 (p < 0.01). Adiponectin concentration caused by ciglitazone treatments was significantly greater than CON (p < 0.01). RNA sequencing showed that 281 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found in the treatments of ciglitazone. DEGs gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the top 10 GO enrichment significantly changed the biological processes such as protein trimerization, negative regulation of cell proliferation, adipocytes differentiation, and cellular response to external stimulus. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that DEGs were involved in the p53 signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, biosynthesis of amino acids, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway. These results indicate that ciglitazone acts as PPARγ agonist, effectively increases the adiponectin concentration and adipogenic gene expression, and stimulates the conversion of BSC to adipocyte-like cells in the absence of adipocyte differentiation cocktail.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 2021

Particulate matter and ultra-particle matters generally refer to very small floating dust, such as 1/6 to 1/7 and 1/20 to 1/30, respectively, compared to the thickness of human hair, and contain various types of heavy metal ions. In addition to breathing, particle matters (PM) that flows in through the gaps in the pores of the skin can induce health problems in the body's tissues and skin, so it must be removed by blocking the inflow or by washing. Through this study, we confirmed the possibility that heavy metal ions can be adsorbed and removed by using Oryza sativa (Rice) bran oil (OSBO). In addition, the cell viability is much higher than that of grain-derived components through cytotoxicity experiments, and the cytoprotective effect of an external stimulus source can be expected. It was confirmed that the expression amount of COL1A1 mRNA increased, and accordingly, it was believed that wrinkles that might be caused by moisture lost by heavy metal ions in fine dust could be alleviated. Based on the results of these experiments, we tried to present a cosmetics containing OSBO, which is a wash-off formulation, in order to finally remove heavy metals.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.32-46
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• 2021

South Korea has been divided into quantities and water quality, and due to a revision of the Government Organization law in June 2018, the controversial water management system was integrated into the Ministry of Environment. The total Maximum Daily Loads System has been called the flower of water quality control, and since 2004, all three major river systems which have been introduced into the Han River system, despite its various difficult environments, and subsequently leading to all of the four major rivers undergoing obligatory implementation since 2013. Currently, the target TMDL (Han River Phase 1 and Other Water Systems Phase 3) for the 2020 stage has been implemented. The domestic TMDL established a basic plan for calculating the load which complies with the unit watershed's target water quality, as well as an implementation plan for annual load management, both which have been institutionalized in order to evaluate load compliance on a repeated annual basis. Local governments ask external organizations to conduct investigations every year in order to assess the transition, which thereby requires tens of millions of won every year. Therefore, an assessment and management model that can be easily operated at the TMDL personnel level is required. In this study, when the Han river Water System TMDL was implemented in earnest, we confirmed the the water quality improvement effect when TMDL was introduced to major inflow tributaries (TancheonA, JungnangA, AnyangA) under the Seoul City's jurisdiction through the use of the total amount control unit basin evaluation technique. By presenting customized management measures, we propose the guidelines that are necessary for determining more effective water environmental policies.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.50
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• pp.173-196
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• 2018

This study, which works to develop a method of focusing on A Quiet Dream by Zhang Lu, explored the structural differences of films and the changes in Zhang Lu's aim and perspective as noted in films, by a review to grasp his internal changes in texts and contextual factors. In A Quiet Dream, Zhang Lu made a filmic attempt that had never been made in the world of films prior to that date. He tried an aesthetic experiment on how films could reorganize the world, by using the effect of obscuring the boundary between reality and dream in films and generating a new narrative regarding filmic reality, actual reality, and the life and artistic truth of the Diaspora. Generally speaking, the changes in the narrative in A Quiet Dream seem to be his resistance against himself and the Diaspora. Thus, in the discussion about A Quiet Dream, relying on the external factors intervening in the relationship between the subject of creation and films is not a useful endeavor at this time. Consequently, it is noted that after settling down in Korea, Zhang Lu could directly approach the changes in the cultural position of films in multilayered ways, where films were the most dynamic part of his life. Due to the changes in the Diaspora, he could obscure the boundary for the first time in the world of films and experiment with how films could escape develop an interesting perspective that deviated from reality, and made a new goal to show new ideas regarding the individual's awareness of the world.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-138
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• 2018

This study aims to suggest effective management performances of nonprofit arts organizations among competitive environment. To examine the factors which affect the performance of nonprofit performing arts organizations such as external environment, cultural capital, orchestra characters and government grants, this study analyzed the data of 990 tax forms of the US Internal Revenue Service(IRS) of the top 73 symphony orchestras and government sources in USA. Independent variables are measured as sponsorship amount which is the biggest part of orchestras' income, and ticket sales which is profit of inherent business purpose. As a result, the performance of the orchestra is affected positively by the income and influenced by the orchestras' characteristics including age, size, and conductor. Also government grants to the orchestras are essential for organizations to sustain their business. But, there are two different sides on these effects that small to medium groups are influenced by crowding in effect and bigger groups are more likely conducted by business overview. Lastly, cultural capital is no significant relationships to orchestras' management performances. This scope of the study is limited to American symphony orchestras; however, this study is significant in that empirical analysis on nonprofit performing arts organizations from an economic view point and contribute on other nonprofit arts organizations to develop their strategic plan for sustainable business.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.424-433
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gender difference in injury experience on biomechanical variables of lower extremity during two leg drop landing. 20 male(injury experience=8, non-injury experience=12) and 20 female(injury experience=11, non-Injury Experience=9) in their 20's were selected as subjects. Two-way mixed ANOVA was performed on the biomechanical variables obtained from the two leg drop landing in a 45cm height box and post-test was performed with bonferroni adjustment(p <.05). The results of this study suggest that the group of female who injury experience could induce the reduction of the peak vertical ground reaction force by increasing the valgus and internal rotation of the knee joint and flexion and internal rotation of the hip joint. In the INE(injury non-experienced) female group, the peak knee flexion angle was the smallest, as well as the flexion of the hip joint and the external rotation angle, and the peak vertical ground reaction force was the highest. On the other hand, the INE female group showed high vertical ground reaction force because they did not utilize the knee and hip joints relatively than the IE(injury experienced) female group, this means that it is relatively exposed to the risk of injury. Therefore, it was found that gender difference in injury experience is a factor affecting factors of knee and hip joint movement and peak vertical GRF(ground reaction force).