• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.307-315
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• 2008

PPS(Post-tensioned Precast concrete System)공법은 U자형 PC로 제작된 넓은 보와 PC또는 현장 타설 콘크리트로 제작한 기둥으로 구성되며, PC보와 기둥의 일체성 확보를 위하여 프리스트레스를 도입하였다. 본 연구에서는 포스트텐션을 도입한 넓은 보-기둥 접합부의 구조적 특성을 규명하고, 다양한 변수해석이 가능하기 위한 자료를 제공하고자 유한요소해석 프로그램인 ANSYS을 사용하여 비선형 해석을 수행하였다 콘크리트에 대한 해석요소는 8개의 절점을 가지며 각 절점이 3개의 자유도(X, Y, Z축에 대한 병진 변위)를 갖는 Solid 65요소를 사용하였다. Solid 65요소에서 전단전달계수(Shear-Transfer factor)는 실험값에 근사적으로 해석값을 맞추기 위한 영향 계수값으로 균열이 발생하는 위치에 대한 전단강도의 감소를 반영한다. 그 결과, 본 실험체에 대한 해석에서는 열려진 전단전달계수 0.125와 닫혀진 전달계수 0.85에 기초하여 해석한 결과 닫혀진 전단전달계수는 0.85에서 열려진 전단전달계수에서는 0.2일때 가장 실험값에 근사한 해석치를 보였다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.85-97
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences of breast shapes by age, to classify breast types, and to investigate the characteristics of breast shapes by type and the distributions of types by age group, using comparative analysis for women in 20's and 40's. The subjects of anthropometry were 323 women in 20's and 40's. The anthropometric measurements were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, frequency, T-test, F-test, Duncan test, factor and cluster analysis. The results are as follws : 1) According to the increase of age, the items of height were decreased and the items of width, depth, circumference and length were increased, being obeser and breast points were dropped. So the volume and bottom area of 40's women's breast were larger than 20's women's and the breast point to breast point width of 40's women was being wider by the increase of the intereior of breast. 2) 6 factor were extracted from factor analysis by age group. There was no significant difference in consist of factor between age group. There was no significant difference in consist of facotr between age group, but were differences in the connection of factor extracted items and factor loading. Through factor analysis of all age froup, 5 factors were extracted as important factor of breast shapes (obesity of breast and location of breast point ; breast height and volume ; upper dimensions of breast/lower dimensions of breast ; interior dimensions of breast/exterior dimensions of breast ; volume of the lower part and drop of breast). 3) The breast shapes were classified into 4 types by cluster analysis. The frequency of 20's women's breast types appeared in order of type1(53.0%), type3(32.0%), type2(11.0%), type4(4.0%), but that of breast types of 40's women appeared in order of type2(37.9%), type3(31.1%), type4(26.5%), type1(4.5%). Namely, there was few type4 in 20's women and few type1 in 40's women. 20's women's breast types were characterized as type1·3 and type2·3·4 in 40's women. So 40's women had more various breast types than 20's women's.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제27호
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• pp.152-161
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• 2001

At the multi-cultural society, research is needed to encourage a social atmosphere for enhanced understanding and respect for different cultures & countries. The purpose was to analyze the characteristics of spatial arrangement, space connection, Interior decoration and the relationship among these three features, which showed each country's unique housing form tradition. Three representative cases of historic residences from each country were selected on the basis of a recognized historic architecture directory. Total 18 residences from 6 countries - Korea, China, Japan, Rome, Egypt, and Italy - were comparatively analyzed. As results, aspects generally found in Eastern countries, were the fence as the semi-open boundary between the inside and the outside of the house, the flexibility of spatial opening and partitions between rooms, and finally simple and movable decoration features. On the other hands, aspects appeared in Western countries, were the outer wall of the building as the boundary to the outside, the closed and fixed properties of the room partitions, and finally complex and fixed decoration features. The research also showed that even within the same culture, the degree of openness varied. Each feature of space was related and could be explained within the same context. Housing, regardless of country and culture, tried to accommodate the exterior space inside the building as much as possible. The common pursuit was transformed to various visible forms and its reason might be due to different socio-cultural and environmental backgrounds that need to be continuously explored in academic area.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.663-670
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• 2017

The post-tensioned (PT) flat plate slab system is commonly used in practice, and this simple and fast construction method is also considered to be a very efficient method because it can provide excellent deflection and crack control performance under a service load condition and consequently can be advantageous when applying to long-span structures. However, a detailed design guideline for evaluating the lateral behavior of the PT flat plate slab system is not available in current design codes. Thus, typical design methods used for conventional reinforced concrete (RC) flat plate slab structures have inevitably been adopted in practice for the lateral load design of PT flat plate structures. In the authors' previous studies, the unified equivalent frame method (UEFM) was proposed, which considers the combined effect of gravity and lateral loads for the lateral behavior analysis of RC flat plate slab structures. The aim of this study is to extend the concept of the UEFM to the lateral analysis of PT flat plate slab structures. In addition, the stiffness reduction factors of torsional members on interior and exterior equivalent frames were newly introduced considering the effect of post-tensioning. Test results of various PT flat plate slab-column connection specimens were collected from literature, and compared to the analysis results estimated by the extended UEFM.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.68-87
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• 1992

This study is the conditions of location according to formed the times in the clan village. The results of this study are as follows ; 1. in the 15th century, the characterestics of the village established residencial place where mountain stream flowed surrounded by the mountain and deep in the mountains with superior quality land. That's because Sa-dae-bu put equal importance on beautiful scenery and practical benefit for living. Stream House provided economical foundation for Sa-dae-bu to be able to keep confucial manners by putting limit their economic status to small medium sized land owner. Topographical condition such as valley or hollow separated from the exterior maintained unification of consanguineous village in self sufficient farming society and held on to independent territory against external to be able to stay away from turbulent days so that they formed residential area of Sa-dae-bu clan. And the valley where flowed clean water was considered as the connection of continuous place where distinctiveness of form in each curve and and factor of calm and dynamic scenery of the clean stream. Scholars in the middle of Chosun Dynasty located in the utopia as place for confucious retirement to study, a place for refinement by combination with the nature or as a way of spacial practice based on Confucious view of nature. 2. in the 16th-l7th century, Most of existing consanguineous villages adopt deep in the mountains for refuge. at that place, upward rank was established by settlement of the ancestor who entered in the village first, the principal was placed in the center of the village and since descendants became numerous, it was serialized as the space of descendants. So, it was arranged in the order of social rank. Most of the villages showed development step by step started from precaution by apperance of the mountain to the lower part. It's because the topography of valley around the village worked as the natural hedge against external force and genealogy of the clan, regularity of social status, order of entrance into the village were reflected into residencial destribution. Also, order of the rank coincided with the one of aspects on geomancy. Genealogical rank within the village represented spacial rank. Houses of descendants and branch families were placed lower than the principal which showed worship to the principal. 3. In 18th century after, as the village was settled nearby cultivated land considering economical loss caused by long distance between residencial area and cultivated land, direction of sect followed by development of village expanded from the front part of the village to the rear part. The principal that was poped out to the front presented frontage over exterior. Therefore, residencial area of branch families expanded to the rear starting from the principal. This represented a slice of social structure at that time. after 18th century, spirit was percieved superior over material, After then, development of cultivation and expantion of land created difference of economic strength within one village. In order to maintain and show off the status of Yang-ban, economic power of indigenous land owner became fundamental, so, sense to worship and to keep the principal became weak eventually. Taking advantage of that situation, residencial area of branch family expanded to the rear part of the principal which showed dual disposition conflicted with each other. However, these clan rules were destroyed and new rules were created after 18th century because of the situation and consciousness at that time.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2004

현재 국내에도 건물의 특성에 알맞은 가변적이며 대공간 확보가 가능하고 사용부재의 두께가 수mm에서 100mm에 이르는 극후판 두께의 건축 철골구조의 건축물 및 Box형 강재교량으로 구축되는 사례가 증가하면서 철골부재의 제작 및 가공기술이 예전보다 더욱 향상되고 구조물로서의 품질관리에 대한 신뢰성의 요구도 증가되고 있는 실정이다, 그러나 국내의 철골조 건축부재의 구조설계는 설계사대로 각기 이루어지고 해당 부재는 공장별로 제작진행되어 그 기술수준에는 보이지 않는 상당한 격차가 있다고 보여지며 업체별로 경제성 등을 고려하여 기본적이며 일반적 철골제작기법을 간결하게 적용하는 것에 머물러 고도한 선진적인 기술의 채용은 대부분 주저할 수 밖에 없는 상황이다 또한, 중소규모의 빌딩 건축물들의 철골조 설계적용을 고려해볼 때 수많은 접합부의 표준화를 비롯하여 구조체 전체의 표준화 및 내$\cdot$외장재까지 포함된 시스템건축의 건축물설계와 부재의 제작 및 설치기술 개발경향도 엿보이고 있는 가운데 특히, 철골부재의 공장제작과 현장설치의 보다 경제적이고 짧은 공기내에 완전한 품질을 확보할 수 있는 부재간의 접합부 설계에 대한 연구검토는 철골분야에 종사하는 업계는 물론 현장 관계자에게도 의미있는 일일 것이다. 본 논문에서는 철골조 건축물의 특성을 알아보고 철골구조물 공장제작 및 현장설치공기를 최대한 단축할 수 있는 철골기둥과 기둥, 기둥과 큰보부재 접합부 변경사례 및 Box Column의 용접자동화, 로봇화에 의한 철골기둥 부재제작사례와 금후 철골구조물 제작상의 문제점과 대응방안에 대하여 서술하고자 한다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.1129-1136
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• 2005

The writer reports the conclusions gained from study about the cause of the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome with Dongeuibogam as the central figure through researching the disharmony among Body Essence, Vital Energy, Mentality, and Blood, mutual action of five viscera and six bowels, and external shapes. The hypersensitive large intestine syndrome is generally chronic and recurred in many cases, so it is more efficacious than symptomatic to treat according to find the contradictions of individual shapes. The shapes and cases suffering frequently the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome are Gi-kwa and Sin-kwa, having a long nose, having a bruised spot on Triple warmer, man with inclined mouth, Taeeum type, man with congested fluids, man with colic symptoms. The hypersensitive large intestine syndrome in Oriental medicine is recognized of diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, abdominal distention and fullness caused by seven emotions. In Dongeuibogam it can be found out the similarity in depressive symptoms due to disorder of Gi, stagnation of Gi, dysphasia due to disorder of Gi, diarrhea due to disorder of Gi, fullness of due to Gi, diarrhea due to phlegm-retention, retention of undigested food, immoderate drinking, hypo-function of the spleen, or deficiency, abdominal pain from colic symptom, and difficulty in defecation and urination, internal injury, diarrhea due to weakness and fatigue. If the Jung, Gi, Sin, and Hyul composed the human body is broken harmony, the function of large intestinal transmission would be fallen, so similar symptoms like the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome are gotten. Especially Gi-kwa suffers diarrhea, constipation abdominal pain, and abdominal distention and fullness due to depressive symptoms from disorder of Seven emotions or Seven Gi. And Sin-kwa suffers from the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome due to emotional restlessness having an influence on rhythmic movement of abdomen. Examining between five viscera and six bowels and the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome, Liver cannot disperse well having influence on mutual relation of Liver-Large intestine, Heart reduces the function of defecation and urination not to control the seven emotions, Lung having exterior and interior relation with intestine has an influence on primordial energy and let the main symptoms occur, Spleen circulating the body fluid let the main symptoms occur due to malfunction of circulation, Kidney locating in lower part of the body has deep connection with intestine, so let the disorder. Urinary bladder is connected with intestine in moisture metabolism, Stomach is connected in receive and transmission, Small intestine is connected in absorption and excretion, from small intestine pain disturbing the abdominal movement, Samcho managing the catharsis of lower heater if declined its function causes the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome. The colic symptoms of Front private parts which disorder in lower abdomen give rise to abdominal pains, difficulty in defecation and urination due to Cold are similar to the hypersensitive large intestine syndrome. The treatments of applying the shapes of colic syndrome advocated by Master Park can be efficacious cure in clinic. Researching after the clinical cases of Master Park advocating Hyungsang medicine, we came to know that plenty of prescriptions of internal injury are applied and take good effects.