• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.381-389
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• 2004

Objective : To compare the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac by using generalized estimating equations (GEE) methodology in the analysis of correlated bivariate binary outcome data in Osteoarthritis (OA) diseases. Methods : A randomized, double-blind, active comparator-controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial was conducted at 5 institutions in Korea with the random assignment of 248 patients aged 35 to 75 years old with OA of the knee and clinical evidence of OA. Patients were enrolled in this study if they had at least moderate pain in the affected knee joint and a score larger than 35mm as assessed by VAS (Visual Analog Scale). The main exposure variable was treatment (SKI 306X vs. Diclofenac) and other covariates were age, sex, BMI, baseline VAS, center, operation history (Yes/No), NSAIDS (Y/N), acupuncture (Y/N), herbal medicine (Y/N), past history of musculoskeletal disease (Y/N), and previous therapy related with OA (Y/N). The main study outcome was the change of VAS pain scores from baseline to the 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. Pain scores were obtained as baseline, 2nd and 4th weeks after treatment. We applied GEE approach with empirical covariance matrix and independent(or exchangeable) working correlation matrix to evaluate the relation of several risk factors to the change of VAS pain scores with correlated binary bivariate outcomes. Results : While baseline VAS, age, and acupuncture variables had protective effects for reducing the OA pain, its treatment (Joins/Diclofenac) was not statistically significant through GEE methodology (ITT:aOR=1.37, 95% CI=(0.8200, 2.26), PP:aOR=1.47, 95% CI=(0.73, 2.95)). The goodness-of-fit statistic for GEE (6.55, p=0.68) was computed to assess the adequacy of the fitted final model. Conclusions : Both ANCOVA and GEE methods yielded non statistical significance in the evaluation of non-inferiority of the efficacy between SKI306X and Diclofenac. While VAS outcome for each visit was applied in GEE, only VAS outcome for the fourth visit was applied in ANCOVA. So the GEE methodology is more accurate for the analysis of correlated outcomes.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.510-516
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• 2013

Background This paper discusses the treatment protocol for patients with frostbite. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of 17 patients with second- and higher-degree frostbite who had been treated at our medical institution between 2010 and 2012. Results Our clinical series of patients (n=17) included 13 men and four women, whose mean age was $42.4{\pm}11.6$ years (range, 22-67 years). The sites of injury include the foot in six patients (35.3%), the hand in six patients (35.3%) and the facial region in five patients (29.4%). Seven patients with second-degree frostbite were completely cured with only conservative treatment during a mean period of $12.7{\pm}3.3$ days (range, 8-16 days). Of the five patients with third-degree frostbite, two underwent skin grafting following debridement, and the remaining three achieved a complete cure with conservative treatment during a mean period of $35{\pm}4.3$ days (range, 29-39 days). Five patients with fourth-degree frostbite were treated with surgical procedures including amputation. Conclusions With the appropriate conservative management in the early stage of onset, surgeons should decide on surgery after waiting for a sufficient period of time until the demarcation of the wound. Continuous management of patients is also needed to achieve functional recovery after a complete cure has been achieved. This should also be accompanied by patient education for the avoidance of re-exposure to cold environments.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.451-459
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• 2016

방사선 사고 및 방사선 치료 등 방사선에 의한 과피폭의 피해를 줄이기 위해 방사선방호제 개발연구는 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이에 화학적 합성물이 아닌 항산화, 항암, 면역 증강에 효과적인 것으로 알려진 백하수오를 이용하여 방사선방호효과를 확인하였다. 백하수오 에탄올추출물을 Sprague Dawley Rat (SD Rat)에 14일간 1일 1회 경구 투여하고, 7 Gy X-ray를 조사한 후 1일, 4일, 7일, 21일의 시간 변화에 따른 혈구성분, 비장 지수의 변화 및 간과 자궁의 조직변화를 관찰하였다. 실험결과 백하수오 에탄올추출물을 섭취한 실험군의 백혈구 수치(p < 0.05)와 비장 지수(p < 0.05)가 대조군보다 회복이 빠른 것을 확인하였다. 간 조직에서는 핵의 응축, 세포질의 팽창, 염증세포의 침윤이 감소하였으며, 자궁샘 조직은 세포고사가 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 위의 결과를 토대로 백하수오 에탄올추출물은 방사선 조사에 따른 혈구 및 장기의 피해를 줄일 수 있는 새로운 방사선방호제로써 유용할 것으로 기대되며, 방사선 사고와 같은 비상관리 분야에 적절한 시사점을 제공할 수 있다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.50-54
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• 2012

살모넬라와 부루셀라는 가축에 심각한 질병을 유발하며, 축산업과 식품산업에 많은 경제적 손실을 초래하고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 이산화염소와 베타인 염산염을 주성분으로 한 소독제 바이탈옥사이드의 $Salmonella$ $typhimurium$과 $Brucella$ $ovis$에 대한 효력시험을 수행하였다. 배지희석법을 이용한 살균효력시험은 $4^{\circ}C$에서 30분 동안 시험 세균을 희석 소독제에 노출시켜 소독제의 가장 효과적인 낮은 희석배수를 결정하는 시험이다. 바이탈옥사이드와 시험 세균들을 처리조건에 따라 증류수, 경수, 그리고 유기물 등으로 희석하여 반응을 시켰다. 유기물 조건에서, $Salmonella$ $typhimurium$과 $Brucella$ $ovis$에 대한 바이탈옥사이드의 살균력은 경수조건에서의 살균력과 비교하여 낮게 나타났는데, 이는 유기물들에 의한 소독제의 살균 유효성분에 대한 저해작용에 따른 것으로 생각된다. 바이탈옥사이드는 $Salmonella$ $typhimurium$과 $Brucella$ $ovis$와 같은 가축병원성 질병들에 대해 살균효과를 갖고 있기 때문에, 이 소독제는 세균성 질병의 확산을 제어하는데 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.749-763
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• 2001

Osseointegrated titanium implants have become an integral therapy for the replacement of teeth lost. For dental implant materials, titanium, hydroxyapatite and alumina oxide have been used, which of them, titanium implants are in wide use today. Titanium is known for its high corrosion resistance and biocompatability, because of the high stability of oxide layer mainly consists of $TiO_2$. With the development of peri-implantitis, the implant surface is changed in surface topography and element composition. None of the treatments for cleaning and detoxification of implant surface is efficient to remove surface contamination from contaminated titanium implants to such extent that the original surface elemental composition. In this sights, the purpose of this study was to evaluate rough surface titanium implants by means of scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) with respect to surface appearance and surface elemental composition. Moreover, it was also the aim to get the base for treatments of peri-implantitis. For the SEM and XPS study, rough surface titanium models were fabricated for control group. Six experimental groups were evaluated: 1) long-time room exposure, 2 ) air-powder abrasive cleaning for 1min, 3) burnishing in citric acid(pH1) for 1min, 4) burnishing in citric acid for 3min, 5) burnishing in tetracycline for 1min, 6) burnishing in tetracycline for 3min. All experimental treatments were followed by 1min of rinsing with distilled water. The results were as follows: 1. SEM observations of all experimental groups showed that any changes in surface topography were not detected when compared with control group. (750 X magnification) 2. XPS analysis showed that in all experimental groups, titanium and oxygen were increased and carbon was decreased, when compared with control group. 3. XPS analysis showed that the level of titanium, oxygen and carbon in the experimental group 3(citric acid treatment for 1min, followed by 1min of distilled water irrigation) reached to the level of control group. 4. XPS analysis showed that significant differences were not detected between the experimental group 1 and the other experimental groups except of experimental group 3. The Ti. level of experimental group 2, airpowder abrasive treatment for lmin followed by 1min of saline irrigation, was lower than the Ti. level of tetracycline treated groups, experimental group 5 and 6. From the result of this study, it may be concluded that the 1min of citric acid treatment followed by same time of rinsing with distilled water gave the best results from elemental points of view, and can be used safely to treat peri-implantitis.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.334-349
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• 1996

Regeneration of the periodontal tissue destroyed by periodontal disease is one of the final goals of periodontal therapy. In the past few years, periodontists have used various alloplastic grafting materials in an attempt to regenerate bone lost from periodontal disease. These materials have used widely because they have shown to be nontoxic, biologically compatible with surrounding host tissue and chemically similar to bone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Porous Resorbable Calcium Carbonate and Porous Replamineform Hydroxyapatite on the regeneration of the alveolar bone and the healing of roots transplanted into the periodontally diseased extraction sockets of dogs. The experimental chronic periodontitis was induced by elastic ligatures on the 2nd and 3rd mandibular premolars of 2 adult dogs for 8weeks after surgically creating periodontal defect. The extracted root were split in half along the long-axis, and the extend of plaque exposure was marked on the root surfaces with burs. The roots were inserted in extraction sockets with Porous Resorbable Calcium Carbonate(PRCC) in left side and with Porous Replaminefrom Hydroxyapatite(PRH) in right side. The flaps were sutured to cover the sockets completely. The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks of healing, and the specimens were examined histologically. The results were as follows: 1. No inflammatory reactions were observed in either groups. 2. Hoot resorption was observed in both groups while the general outline of the roots were maintained. 3. PRCC was almost completely resorbed and replaced with new bone, while R.H.A. was not resorbed & remained encased in newly-formed C-T and alveolar bone. 4. PRH was encapsulated with alveolar bone which has been deposited from apical & lateral area of the sockets, while the coronal portion of the sockets were filled with C-T. 5. In both groups, the resorbed portions of the roots were replaced with new bone. These results suggest that either PRCC or PRH may not interfere with bone formation or healing in extraction sockets, and in some degree, retard the root resorption. Because the roots maintained in anatomy, we think that graft materials prevent the root resorption.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.394-399
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• 2000

치아종은 치아 조직의 비정상적인 과성장으로 인해 형성되는 외배엽성 상피세포와 중배엽성 세포로 이루어진 혼합종양이라고 정의되며 양성 치성 종양 중에서 가장 흔한 질환이다. 최근 연구에 따르면 치아종은 신생물(neoplasm)보다는 형태와 조직 분화가 다양한 양상을 보이는 형성이상이나 과오종으로 보고 있다. 치아종은 복합 치아종(Compound Type), 복잡 치아종(Complex Type) 그리고 법랑아 섬유치아종(Ameloblastic fibroodontoma)으로 구분하고 있다. 복합 치아종은 치아와 유사한 형태를 띠고 있으며 전체 발생 비율의 약 2/3를 차지하고 있다. 복잡 치아종은 치성 조직의 비조직화된 형태로서 악골에 고르게 분포되어 발생하고 있다. 법랑아 섬유치아종의 발생은 드물다. 치아종의 병인으로는 외상, 감염, 유전 혹은 치아 발육의 유전적 조절을 방해하는 돌연변이 유전자 등이 언급되고 있다. 치아종은 종종 다양한 맹출 장애와 치아 위치에 있어 문제를 유발할 수 있다. 따라서 치아종의 가장 빈번한 발견 요인으로서는 유치의 만기 잔존과 더불어 영구치의 매복이 있다. 치아종으로 인한지연 맹출과 감별 진단해야 할 것으로서는 과잉치, 만곡치, 법랑 진주 그리고 유치의 조기 상실 등이 있다. 치아종으로 인한 매복 치아의 치료 방법으로는 우선 치아종을 제거한 후 매복 치아의 자발적 맹출을 기대하는 것이다. 이때 매복된 치아의 자발적 맹출을 기대하기 위해선 악골내 충분한 맹출 공간을 평가한 후 공간의 확보와 치근 발육이 진행중이라는 전제 조건이 수반되어야 한다. 만일 치아종을 제거한 후에도 불구하고 매복 치아의 맹출이 이루어지지 않을 경우에는 매복 치아의 노출 후 교정적 부착장치를 위치시킨 후 강제 견인한다. 본 증례는 치아종으로 인해 영구 계승치가 매복된 환아에게서 매복치의 외과적 노출 시행 후 교정적 치료방법을 사용해 비교적 양호한 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다.

• 정보학연구
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.45-55
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• 2002

가상현실은 인간과 컴퓨터가 서로 커뮤니케이션 할 수 있도록 하는 새로운 테크놀로지이다. 이는 사용자로 하여금 컴퓨터로 만들어진 가상의 삼차원 환경 속에서 보고, 듣고, 느끼며 그리고 가상환경과 상호 작용할 수 있도록 한다. 본 논문에서는 정신치료 분야에 가상현실을 도입하고 이를 이용한 고소공포증 노출 치료 시스템을 개발하였다. 고소공포증은 높은 곳에 올라가면 불안, 공포를 느끼며 추락할 것 같은 두려움과 함께 자기도 모르게 뛰어내릴 것 같은 불안이 공포에까지 이르는 상태이다. 이 공포증을 치료하기 위해서는 약물치료방법과 인지, 행동 치료 방법이 주로 사용되었으나 이런 기존의 방법들은 치료 효율이 떨어지며, 치료시 어려움이 있다는 단점을 가지고 있다. 최근에는 기존의 치료방법의 단점을 극복하기 위해 많은 연구에서 가상현실을 정신치료에 적용하고 있다. 가상환경은 환자에게 적절한 자극을 제공하여 환자로 하여금 공포감을 느끼도록 하고, 환자는 이러한 공포상황에 체계적으로 노출됨으로써 공포증을 극복할 수 있게 된다. 이 논문에서는 개인용 컴퓨터를 기반으로 가상 엘리베이터 시뮬레이터를 개발하여 고소공포증 치료에 이용하고자 한다. 가상 엘리베이터 시뮬레이터를 구성하기 위해 위치센서, 머리 부착형 디스플레이 장치와 사운드 시스템을 사용하였고, 치료를 위한 가상환경은 전망용 엘리베이터에서 바라본 건물들을 배경으로 구성하였다. 또한 가상현실 정신치료에서 중요한 요소로 작용하는 몰입감을 높이기 위해 머리 부착형 디스플레이 장치에 위치센서를 부착함으로써 환자의 머리이동이 가상환경에 적용되도록 하였으며, 삼차원 사운드를 적용함으로써 사실적으로 느껴지도록 하였다. 이 연구를 통하여 생체신호를 측정하여, 가상환경에 노출 전과 후의 ECG를 측정 비교하였다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.469-478
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural change of root surface and the occlusion of dentinal tubule following $CO_2$ laser treatment. Seven extracted healthy human premolar werw curetted, sectioned, and four specimens were randomly assigned to each of 6 different treatment groups : 1) untreated EDTA etched control: 2) root plande only: 3) $CO_2$ laser treated with 2W mode 6(10msec/pulse, 20pps) for 1 minute: 4) $CO_2$ laser treated with 2W mode 6(lOmsec/pulse, 20pps) for 2 minutes: 5) $CO_2$ laser treated with 2W mode 7(20msec/pulse, 20pps) for 1 minute: 6) $CO_2$ laser treated with 2W mode 7(20msec/pulse, 20pps) for 2 minutes. Following the prescribed treatment, the specimens were prepared for SEM evaluation. Results showed that $CO_2$ laser may be effective to occlude dentinal tubules tor dentin sensitivity treatment. The effect of dentinal tubule occlusion was enhanced with increasing the total energy level lased to specimen regardless of lasing mode. The structural changes of root surfaces were restricted to superficies, and these changes included fissuring, charring, crater formation over the smooth lava like texture. The charring and crater formation implying root damage was observed in the case of the longer duration of a pulse. The results of the present study suggests that the pulsed $CO_2$ laser with shorter pulse duration and longer exposure time can be used effectively in order to obtain the optimal dentinal tubule occlusion with minimal root damage.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.495-514
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on removal of a root surface smear layer after root planing in comparison with Tetracycline HCl. The 60 extracted human teeth due to severe periodontal disease were vigorously scaled and root planed with Gracey curet. Thirty specimen($5{\times}5{\times}2mm$) were obtained from root planed surface of 30 human teeth and assigned randomly to one of three groups : root planed group(5 specimen), Tetracycline HCI group(5 specimen, burnished for 5 minutes), and Nd:YAG laser group(25 specimen, German Dental Laser, Fotona Twinlight). Nd:YAG laser group was divided into 4 subgroups according to power of 1W, 1.5W, 2W, 3W at frequency to 10Hz. The specimen were then fixed, and examed by Scanning electron microscopic study. 30 of 60 human teeth used to measurement of the intrapulpal temperature rise during laser irradiation. Laser-irradiated surface exhibited various surface texture from relative flat surface to irregular surface with patent dentinal tubules of various shape and size. In some area, the root surface alteration which are carbonization, pit and crater formation and melting and resolidification were observed. The number of exposed dentinal tubules per unit($100_{\mu}m^2$) on tetracycline HCI group was more than that in the laser group below 1.5W of power(150mJ/pulse) and was significantly less than that in laser group above 2W of power(200mJ/pulse)(P<0.OOl). As power increased the intrapulpal temperature rise also increased. The result suggested that the parameter which effectively remove root surface smear layer than tetracycline HCI may cause thermal damage to pulp and root surface alteration result from laser exposure would indicate need for additional instrumentation. Thus, Nd:YAG laser irradiation in these parameter may not be appropriate for clinical use as adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy.