• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 1987

The environment and biological studies of tritium have been carried out in the advanced countries since the mid 1950's. In the case of a potential tritium exposure, the usual procedure is trifium bioassay (as HTO) in human urine in order to determine the amount of tritium deposited in the body called tritium body burden. The maximum permissible body burden(MPBB) of tritium in total body is about $30{\mu}Ci/{\ell}$ for body tissue. In the bioassay, the most common investigation level for detection of tritium in urine is 1/10th of MPBB. For this bioassay project, the first priority is given to obtaining a quench correction curve. This consideration is necessary because of the variability in color of human urine specimens. Quenching effect in this case mainly is caused by the absorption of scintillation light flashes by the urine sample. By the least squares method on the statistical basis, an estimated formula for quench correction curve was determined to be Y = 0.771 + 1.836 ${\tmes}10^{-4}$X, where the efficiency(Y) was ranged from about 12% to 31% in the liquid scientillation counting. In this paper, a brief theory concerning the biological half-life of tritium and the retention formula to apply to systematically distributed tritium are described.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2021

This study was to investigate the effect of the new surface treatment method of zirconia on the shear bond strength with resin cement. The zirconia specimens were classified according to the surface treatment. CON: non-treatment, HF: 10 minutes exposure to 9% HF, ZS15: Apply 15% ZrO2 slurry, ZS30: Apply 30% ZrO2 slurry, ZS50: Apply 50% ZrO2 slurry. The resin cement was layered on the surface treated zirconia, and the shear bond strength between the zirconia and the resin cement was measured after thermo-cycling. The statistical methods for shear bond strength were Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Bonferroni correction(α=.05/10=.005). ZS15, ZS30, and ZS50 groups treated with zirconia slurry showed higher shear bond strength than CON and HF groups(p<.05/10=.005). Within the limits of this study, the surface treatment using zirconia slurry increased the shear bond strength with resin cement. The new surface treatment method complements and improves the limitations of the adhesion of zirconia, so that various clinical applications of zirconia can be expected.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2023

Objectives: With the evolution of direct reading sensors, it is possible to monitor several substances through telecommunication. However, there are some limitations on the use of direct reading technologies in the Occupational Safety and Health Act in South Korea, which only applies to detector tubes, noise, heat, and carbon monoxides. The number of chemicals and their amount of use have been continuously increasing in South Korea. The Ministry of Employment and Labor (MoEL) has concerns about worker's health because exposure is only covered for about 1.2% of all distributed chemicals. Using a direct reading monitor with photoionization detectors (PID-DRMs), gases and vapors chemicals can be measured. Based on the data, business owners are able to create corrective strategies, provide better working routines, and select correct respiratory equipment. PID-DRMs are less expensive and easier to handle for an owner voluntarily controlling chemicals emitted in the workplace. However, there are several limitations on using these PID-DRMs to the degree that the MoEL has not been able to select a legal monitor. The aim of this study was to review previous studies related to PID-DRMs and identify the characterization and limitation on PID-DRMs. Methods: To search for related studies on PID-DRMs, key words were used including direct reading monitors/instruments and/or photoionization detectors. Through that, four domestic and 15 international studies were reviewed. Results: Studies on PID-DRMs were conducted by chamber (enclosed, dynamic, walk-in) and in the field (experimental environment, actual environment). The concentration of PID-DRMs and charcoal tubes were compared for a single substance or mixture, or within the PID-DRMs. There was a high correlation between the two concentrations, but it did not meet the accuracy criteria (95% confidence interval, within 25%) of the NIOSH technical report (2012). In addition, differences in measured values occurred according to environmental factors (temperature, humidity) and high concentration, and concentration values tended to be underestimated due to contamination of the sensor. As a way to improve the accuracy of PID concentration, it was proposed to use correction factors, charcoal tube-based correction factors, or to calibrate the PID-DRMs in the same environment as the workplace. Conclusions: PID-DRMs can likely be used by business owners for the purpose of voluntarily managing the workplace environment, and it is expected that it will be possible to use them as legal equipment if a PID sensor can be upgraded and the limitations of the sensor (temperature, humidity, high concentration evaluation, sensor pollution) can be overcome in the near future.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.29-34
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• 2012

Purpose : Presently, hardwares and softwares for reducing radiation exposure are continually developed for PET/CT examination. Purpose of this study is to evaluate effectiveness of reducing radiation exposure dose of CT and SUV changes of PET when applied each kernel to ACCT (Attenuation Correction Computed Tomography) according to adopted IRIS (Iterative Reconstruction in Image Space) software. Materials and Methods : Biograph mCT (Siemens, Germany) was used as a PET/CT scanner. Using AAPM CT performance phantom, from standard (120 kVp, 100 mAs), 7 scans were conducted by reducing 15 mAs each. After image reconstruction by FBP (Filtered Back Projection) and IRIS, noise and spatial resolution were evaluated. The same method was applied to anthropomorphic chest phantom and acquired images were compared. NEMA IEC body phantom was used for SUV evaluation. Injected dose rate for hot sphere (hot) and background cylinder (BKG) were 1:8. CT dose condition (120 kVp, 50 mAs) was the same for each scan and PET scan durations were 1, 2, 3 and 4min. After scanning, each kernel of IRIS was applied to ACCT. And PET images were reconstructed by ACCT adopted IRIS for comparing SUV changes. Results : AAPM phantom test for noise evaluation, SD for FBP 100 mAs, IRIS 55 mAs were 8.8 and 8.9. FBP 85 mAs, IRIS 40 mAs were 9.5 and 9.7. FBP 70 mAs, IRIS 25 mAs were 11.9 and 11.1. Above mAs condition for FBP and IRIS, SD showed similar values. And for spatial resolution test, there was no significant difference. For chest phantom test, when applied the same mAs and kernel to both of FBP and IRIS, every applied kernels showed reduced noise. Lower mAs and higher kernel value showed higher noise reduction. There was no considerable difference only except for I70 very sharp kernel for SUV comparison using NEMA IEC body phantom. Conclusion : In this study, low mAs (55 mAs) applied IRIS and standard mAs (100 mAs) applied FBP showed similar noise. And only except for I70 kernel, there was no significant SUV changes. It is possible to reduce needless radiation exposure and acquire better image quality than FBP's through applying appropriate kernel of IRIS to PET/CT.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2003

Objectives : Because shipyard workers are involved with various manufacturing process, they are exposed to many kinds of hazardous materials. Welders especially, are exposed to bisphenol-A (BPA) during the welding and flame cutting of coated steel, This study was conducted to assess the exposure status of the endocrine disrupter based on the job-exposure matrix. The effects of the genetic polymorphism of xenobiotic enzyme metabolisms involved in the metabolism of BPA on the levels of urinary metabolite were investigated. Methods : The study population was recruited from a shipyard company in the f province. A total of 84 shipbuilding workers 47 and 37 in the exposed and control groups, respectively, were recruited for this study. The questionnaire variables included, age, sex, use of personal protective equipment, smoking, drinking and work duration. The urinary metabolite was collected in the afternoon and correction made for the urinary creatinine concentration. The of the CYP1A1, CYP2E1 and UGT1A6 genotypes were investigated using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods with the DNA extracted from venous blood. Results : The urinary BPA level in the welders group was significantly higher than in the control group (p<0.05). The urinary BPA concentration with the wild type UGT1A6 was higher than the other UGT1A6 genotypes, but with no statistical significant. From themultiple regression analysis of the urinary BPA, the regression coefficient for job grade was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusions : The grade of exposure to BPA affected the urinary BPA concentration was statistically significant. However, the genetic polymorphisms of xenobiotics enzyme metabolism were not statistically significant. Further investigation of the genetic polymorphisms with a larger sample size is needed.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.564-569
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• 2016

Background Alar retraction is a challenging condition in rhinoplasty marked by exaggerated nostril exposure and awkwardness. Although various methods for correcting alar retraction have been introduced, none is without drawbacks. Herein, we report a simple procedure that is both effective and safe for correcting alar retraction using only conchal cartilage grafting. Methods Between August 2007 and August 2009, 18 patients underwent conchal cartilage extension grafting to correct alar retraction. Conchal cartilage extension grafts were fixed to the caudal margins of the lateral crura and covered with vestibular skin advancement flaps. Preoperative and postoperative photographs were reviewed and analyzed. Patient satisfaction was surveyed and categorized into 4 groups (very satisfied, satisfied, moderate, or unsatisfied). Results According to the survey, 8 patients were very satisfied, 9 were satisfied, and 1 considered the outcome moderate, resulting in satisfaction for most patients. The average distance from the alar rim to the long axis of the nostril was reduced by 1.4 mm (3.6 to 2.2 mm). There were no complications, except in 2 cases with palpable cartilage step-off that resolved without any aesthetic problems. Conclusions Conchal cartilage alar extension graft is a simple, effective method of correcting alar retraction that can be combined with aesthetic rhinoplasty conveniently, utilizing conchal cartilage, which is the most similar cartilage to alar cartilage, and requiring a lesser volume of cartilage harvest compared to previously devised methods. However, the current procedure lacks efficacy for severe alar retraction and a longer follow-up period may be required to substantiate the enduring efficacy of the current procedure.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.481-486
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• 2006

Whereas conveniences deriving from the development of information and telecommunication technology increase, information outflow and illegal data use are also rapidly on the rise. Consequently, many studies to prevent illegal information outflow are currently under way, and the use of Smart Card is in steep jump. Recently, Java Card is diffused fast as an alternative to complement the technical problems of the Smart Card. This paper designed and Implementation the system for multi-users authentication and file access control by user through designing a Java Card applet that is used for information protection and in various application fields. For allowing a file access competence, each user's file access competence is processed via drawing up the access condition table in the applet. Therefore, illegal correction exposure and destruction of information, which become the concerns when multi-users have an access, can be prevented. In addition its application becomes possible in the system requiring multi-users certifications.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.84.1-84.1
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• 2013

We present a python-based data reduction pipeline for the Immersion GRating INfrared Spectrograph (IGRINS). IGRINS covers the complete H- and K-bands in a single exposure with a spectral resolving power of greater than 40,000. IGRINS is designed to be compatible with telescopes of diameters ranging from 2.7-m (the Harlan J. Smith telescope at McDonald Observatory) to 8-10m. Commissioning and initial operation will be on the 2.7-m telescope from late 2013. The pipeline package is a part of the IGRINS software and designed to be compatible with other package that maneuvers the spectrograph during the observation. This package provides high-quality spectra with minimal human intervention and the processes of order extraction, distortion correction, and wavelength calibration can be automatically carried out using the predefined functions (e.g. echellogram mapping and 2D transform). Since the IGRINS is a prototype of the Giant Magellan Telescope Near-Infrared Spectrometer (GMTNIRS), this pipeline will be extended to the GMTNIRS software.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1158-1166
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• 2013

SAR calculation method following the Mobi-Kids study protocol is analyzed and evaluation method of cumulative RF dose from mobile phones which have been used by a subject of case and control groups is proposed. An SAR database is built by calculating SAR distributions in 4 head models at different ages for representative phone models with the same conducted power. To obtain SAR distribution in a subject's head for a specific commercial phone which had/have been used by him/her, an SAR correction factor using SAR compliance test results is determined. Cumulative dose is calculated by considering mobile phone characteristics and use pattern such as call time and laterality(right and left).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.525-547
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• 1989

Hemorrhagic tendency observed in open heart surgery patients has been attributed, among other causes, to increased fibrinolytic activity during extracorporeal circulation. But the exact mechanism of enhanced fibrinolytic activity which occurs during extracorporeal circulation is still unknown. So, we studied and compared the changes of parameters of fibrinolytic and protein C system according to time obtained from the plasma of 31 adult open heart surgery patients[EGG group] and 10 adult general thoracic surgery patients[control group], in order to confirm the hypothesis that the activated protein C system might affect the fibrinolytic system during extracorporeal circulation. In ECC group, the nature of the enhanced fibrinolytic activity that evolved during extracorporeal circulation was characterized by significant increase in fibrin degradation products[P < 0.01] and significant decrease in plasminogen and alpha2-antiplasmin[P < 0.05, P < 0.01] in spite of adequate amount of heparin administration. These changes were most pronounced in the early phase of extracorporeal circulation and normalized after termination of extracorporeal circulation. The results of these observations were the same after volume correction with the value of hematocrit. The change of volume corrected protein C ratio during extracorporeal circulation revealed similar pattern to those of plasminogen and alpha2-antiplasmin [P < 0.01], but volume corrected ratio of free protein S showed significant increase after the commencement of extracorporeal circulation then decreased after extracorporeal circulation. Although the above mentioned changes occur similarly in both bubble type oxygenator-used and membrane oxygenator-used patients groups, but the degree of decrease was more severe in membrane oxygenator-used patients group [P < 0.01] and showed much slower recovery to reach to the preextracorporeal circulation level. These results confirm the hypothesis that the enhanced fibrinolysis during extracorporeal circulation might be caused by the activation of protein C system and the activation is possibly linked to the appearance of thrombin from contact activation of blood after wide exposure to the synthetic surfaces of extracorporeal circuit. Key words: Extracorporeal circulation, Enhanced fibrinolysis, Protein C system.