• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 2017

Korea's rapid export expansion suddenly began in the early 1960s and boosted the economy. This paper's investigation finds that it began in 1961, as new export items appeared, export of which increased incomparably faster than that of the current export items at the time. How and why of this highly unusual phenomenon can best be explained by a major reform of foreign exchange system in February 1961. This goes against the widely held view that the switch in development policy from import substitution to export promotion in the mid-1960s was the reason for Korea's export success. Rather, the evidence indicates that the rapid export expansion led to the policy switch. The government's export promotion since the policy switch helped the rapid export expansion continue into the 1970s, despite the protectionist import policy.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-81
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• 2000

Between 1980 and 1997 the Korean textile and clothing industry (KTCI) experienced the transformation of export-led accumulation regime rooted in domestically-derived price competitiveness into the combination between foreign mass production involving the geographical extension of productive forces and quality strategy based on upgrading technology and automation involved in the domestic market for high quality and price products. This restructuring of the KTCI is rooted at the crisis in the export-led growth regime implemented unity 1980 due to the rapid increase in wage levels by the ‘great labour movement’occurred in 1987. In particular, increased wage and collective bargaining realized through labour empowerment led to the crisis in the conjoin between mass production and mass export based on long working hours and low wage structure. The aim of this paper is to explore the transformation of development modes between 1980 and 1997 that can help us in understanding the fundamental reasons for the restructuring of the KTCI. To this end, the paper identifiles the changing accumulation regimes between 1980 and 1997 mediated by wage-labour relations, inter-firm relations and state-film relations, which are insitutional forms of the modes of regulation.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.453-466
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• 2011

The main aim of this paper is to explore the Korean development strategy in the context of trajectories of the economic development from 1961 to 2010. The fast and high growth in the period of 1961 and 2010 resulted from the 'export-oriented industrialization' through a combination of 'mass production-mass exports' and '(relatively) high productivity-low wages' up to the late 1980s, a mixture of 'mass production-mass exports' and '(relatively) high productivity-high wages' to the late 1990s, and a combination of the reformation of public and private sectors for overcoming the Korean financial crisis and the gradual improvement of the marketization and social safety net since 2000. With respect to this model of development, the global and national modes of regulation were established. Along with the formation of endogenous forces (as the national mode of regulation), that of exogenous forces (as the global mode of regulation) are the important rules of the game at the global level, which lead and stabilize the process of accumulation by the export-led industrialization in Korea. In this respect, the establishment of global modes of regulation is led by exogenous forces such as trade regulations, exchange rates, global-Korean industrial relations, and global regulations of loans to developing countries. On the other hand, the national modes of regulation are formed by endogenous forces such as the triangular relationship of the state, capital and labor.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.70
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• pp.135-157
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• 2016

Globalization of consumption, expansion of cross border e-trade, increase use of internet and mobile have led to rapid growth of world e-commerce particularly in Asia and emerging markets. Impacted by Korean wave, online export is continuously increasing, yet Korea is experiencing severe e-commerce trade imbalance. Export growth rate and ratio of Korean small companies are relatively low from OECD member countries. Therefore, Korean government is currently emphasizing on vitalization of online export to China to resolve trade imbalance and to increase export of small companies. To propose detail measures to vitalize online export to China, this study is focused on export customs clearance procedure of Korea and import customs clearance procedure of China in view of online export company. Also suggested countermeasure plan and analysis for the new tax revision plan related to e-commerce which implemented on April 8th 2016. This study have grouped countermeasure plan by short term plan of firms and long term plan of the government. As for the short-term countermeasure plan for firms, first, comparison analysis of tax rate on products is need to decide type of e-commerce strategy; second, if planning to start e-commerce business to China, sales possibility and certification check is necessary; third, through preparation of customs clearance document is needed; last in order to obtain price competitiveness, new logistics strategy and packing development is required. As for the long-term countermeasure plan for the government, I have suggested cooperated bonded logistics service for small businesses and operation plan of show room for promising Korean products.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.31-36
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• 2015

This paper was studied in export policy Revitalization of SMEs mainly in various countries of Indochina, especially in Laos, which is emerging as a new market after China. Laos is a socialist country, but in 2014, led by the current active open-door policy, education, social, cultural and people-to-people exchanges are going briskly, light industry and the expansion of social infrastructure such as laying the foundation for economic development. This paper presents a plan to dominate the emerging frontier markets are public enterprises and government agencies that do not respond quickly. Already pioneered by building a network in local development staff for this purpose, such as volunteers, missionaries, professors and configure the network of exploitation and human development personnel look for Revitalization of SMEs in urban and regional growth.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.313-336
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• 2020

In this paper, I review evidence on changing global specialization in labor-intensive exporting. Production of apparel, footwear, furniture, and related products are how many low-income countries first enter export manufacturing. Just as China's rise as a powerhouse in these goods supplanted a role previously occupied by the East Asian Tigers, the world may again be on the cusp of significant change in where labor-intensive goods are produced. China's prowess in these sectors peaked in the early 2010s; its share in their global exports, while still substantial, is now in decline. Mechanisms through which the global economy may adjust to China's graduation into more technologically sophisticated activities include expanded labor-intensive export production in other emerging economies and labor-saving technological change in products currently heavily reliant on less-educated labor. Available evidence suggests that the first mechanism is operating slowly and the second hardly at all. As a third mechanism, China may in part replace itself by moving labor-heavy factories out of densely populated and expensive coastal cities and into the country's interior. Such a transition, though still in its infancy, would mirror the decentralization of manufacturing production in the U.S. and Europe, which occurred after World War II.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.353-375
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• 2011

Export control was first triggered by international export control system at US led COCOM in 1949. Numerous international efforts such as NPT in 1969, ZC in 1970, NSG in 1978, AG in 1985, MTCR in 1987, Wassenaar Arrangement(WA) establishment in 1995 with 1990's the fall of the Berlin Wall, have been made since. The concept of export control has been changed from weaponry and parts export control to preventing or blocking weaponry, respective goods and relevant technology from the hand of troubled regions and non-state actors as terrorist groups; and the new concept is described as Nonproliferation Control. Extent of control items is not only limited to conventional weaponry, but also includes weapons of mass destruction(WMD) and even dual use items which can be used for production, development, usage or storage. Control items include all items defined by NSG, MTCR, AG, WA, and CMC-Opec. The 9.11 terror had a strong influence on international society. Effort to prevent WMD proliferation has now become the most important issue for international security. This study aims to suggest improvement points for nonproliferation law and its effective implementation, based on problem and limitation identification along with analysis of nonproliferation law and implementation examples by type. Furthermore for the purpose of national and global security, export control system on strategic items which are considered to be a key issue in South and North Korea relationship needs to be effectively managed. Recently, North Korea's missile and nuclear tests have been criticized globally; and the global society including respective countries as China and South Korea is striving to urge export control in line with the UN resolution.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.113-138
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• 2014

Despite the growing numbers of regional problems (e.g. conflicts between the state and localities, inter-local conflicts, etc.) associated with the state-led developmental projects, the Korean social sciences have been unable to offer satisfying explanations and solutions to the regional problems. This is mainly because the existing works, which have been taken captured by the assumptions of "methodological nationalism", significantly lack the socio-spatial understandings of the state actions and the relations between the state and localities, thereby seeing the issues of regional development mainly in terms of either the economic efficiency defined at the national scale, or the plan rationality of the national bureaucrats. With this problem orientation in mind, this paper aims to explore the ways in which the state and localities are interacting, conflicting and negotiating with one another through the mediation of the state-led developmental projects. Focusing on the developmental processes of Masan Export Processing Zone from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, it examines the multi-scalar processes through which the state-led industrial complex developmental processes have been influenced by the complex and dynamic interactions among social forces and actors acting at diverse geographical scales (e.g. the global, national, local, urban, etc.). This analysis shows that the regional policies of the Korean developmental state were more heavily influenced by the interactions, contestations, and collaborations among social forces and actors, acting in and through the state, at various geographical scales, rather than by the economic and techno-bureaucratic rationality.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.92-100
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between export weight, import weight, export amount, import amount, and trade balance of ICT industry. The data used were gathered from the Korea Customs Service trade statistics. The analysis period used annual data for 19 years from 2000 to 2018. The change rate analysis was shown in order of trade balance, export amount, import amount, import weight and export weight. The increase rate analysis showed that the trade balance was the highest at 919%.. In the correlation analysis, the trade balance and export amount were 0.95, showing the highest correlation coefficient. As a result of the regression analysis, the export amount for the trade balance, the dependent variable, was Coefficient 2.37, which was positive(+). Each variable is changing independently of one another. Since 2000, the trade balance of the Korean ICT industry has led 84% of Korea's total trade balance. In the future, Korea's ICT industry should be further developed for Korea's economic development, and exports should be further increased to increase the trade balance. In the next paper, we will try to find a field that can be specifically developed by subdividing the ICT industry.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.40-44
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• 2011

Nuclear energy in Korea began in 1958, when the Korea's atomic energy act was formulated and the relevant organizations were founded. Since then, notwithstanding the two catastrophe like TMI and Chernobyl accident, Korea made a wise decision to expand the peaceful uses of the nuclear energy as well as to localize the essential nuclear design technology of fuel and nuclear steam supply system. This decision resulted in the success of export of nuclear power plants as well as research reactor in 2010s. The Korea's nuclear policy, which well utilized 'international crisis in nuclear business' as 'opportunity of Korea to get. nuclear technology', is believed nice policy as a role model of nuclear new-comer countries. Based upon the success story of localization of nuclear technology, Korea had an eye for a niche market, which was a basis of development of SMART, Korea-made integral PWR. The operation of a SMART plant can sufficiently provide not only electricity but also fresh water for 100,000 residents. Last two years, Korea's nuclear industry team led by the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute completed the standard design of SMART and applied to the Korea's regulatory body for standard design approval. Now the Korea's licensing authority is reviewing the design with the relevant documents, and the design team is doing its best to realize its hope to get the approval by the end of this year. From next year, the SMART business including construction and export will be explored by the KEPCO consortium.