• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.263-272
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• 2023

Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide a scientific basis for shelf life and re-establish the shelf life in a hospital environment by investigating the validity periods of various packaging materials. Methods: We selected six departments to store sterilized items, prepared 482 sterilized items, and stored them for 12 months. Each sample was tested using a microbiological culture in the laboratory every two weeks. When the result was positive, the sample was considered contaminated. The temperature and relative humidity were measured using an automatic control system to investigate the storage environment during the study period. Results: Except for two samples, which were positive in the 22nd and 28th weeks, 480 samples were negative. The temperature and relative humidity of the sample storage area were measured every week. The annual average temperature was 23.6±1.6℃, and the mean relative humidity was 35.1±15.2%. The cabinets used in this study were the two-open and four-closed types. Conclusion: This study confirmed the validity of the expiration date in a hospital environment. Based on the results, the nonwoven fabric remained sterile for more than nine months. No case of contamination of the paper-plastic pouch packaging was observed, owing to the microbial culture for two months.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.33-49
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the option selection and optimal trading of informed traders in KOSPI 200 options market based on the PIN (probability of informed trading) model of Easley et al.(2002). Design/methodology/approach - This study uses TAQ (trade and quote) data provided by Korean Exchanges (KRX) which contains all the bids and trades recorded during the continuous auction trading hours for the KOSPI 200 options between May 2019 and September 2020. Findings - First, there was no difference in the PIN between call and put options in the 2019 data, but the PIN of put options was slightly higher in 2020. Second, regardless of the type of option, the PIN was higher for in-the-money (ITM) options, and the PIN of out-of-the-money (OTM) options was the same as or slightly higher than that of at-the-money (ATM) options. Third, we found that the PIN decreases as trading liquidity increases, and fourth, the PIN increased sharply as the expiration date approached, especially for OTM options, while ITM and ATM options showed relatively weak effects. Fifth, for foreign and institutional investors, the periodicity of orders was observed in milliseconds, especially for foreign investors, where the periodicity of orders was clear and frequent in OTM options. The results suggest that the purpose of option trading varies depending on the moneyness from the perspective of the informed trader.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2024

Objectives: The study was performed to investigate characteristics of hazardous factors regarding chemical(liquid lime) tank dredging workers by case survey. Methods: Field data such as working condition, MSDS and respirators applied to chemical tank dredging work were analyzed and the work environmental factors of noise and indoor air quality were measured to compare existing data with actual work situations. Results: No health hazards to workers due to working conditions were confirmed during dredging work inside the chemical storage tank. All air quality measurement data during dredging work satisfied the management standards, and there were no by-products. During dredging work, there was a significant change in noise depending on the type of work, but considering the noise reduction rate(NRR) of the earplugs worn by workers, there was no actual health hazard due to noise exposure. Conclusions: A fit test for respirator and the expiration date of the safety helmet should be observed to ensure an appropriate level of safety and health for dredging workers in the chemical storage tank.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2020

This study evaluated the perception, consumption behavior, and optional attributes of Korean, Chinese, and U.S. consumers of energy bar products. Data were compared and analyzed by surveying 300 consumers in each country. Significant differences were observed in preference for energy bars according to their nationality, in the order China, the U.S., and Korea. Perception of taste, types and dietary suitability of the products ranked lower for Korean consumers, as compared to consumers of the United States and China. The order dietary fiber, protein, and calcium were the sought-after nutritional requirements of the products. The demand for protein was significantly higher in the U.S. Calcium demand was low in the United States and China, but was very high in Korea, which could be attributed to the low calcium intake of Koreans. Other optional attributes which were closely associated with the purchase and re-purchase decision, included price, taste and delivery period. All three factors were recognized as important options in Korea, whereas awareness of packaging/appearance and brand was not. The taste, nutrients and price in the U.S. ranked high as important optional attributes, while the packaging, external and expiration dates were recognized as low. Unlike Korea and the U.S., important optional attributes for Chinese consumers were determined in the order expiration date, taste, and nutrients, and showed low perception for packaging, appearance, weight, counts, and prices. Evaluating the preference for the main and secondary ingredients, Koreans preferred nuts over grains, Americans preferred dried fruits over nuts, and Chinese preferred nuts and grains; both Korean and American consumers had low preference for dried vegetables. The preference for chocolate was low in Korea and China, whereas preference for jelly was high in China as compared to Korea and the U.S. The intention of purchasing energy bars was significantly lower in Korea than in the U.S. and China. A variety of nutritious functional bars have recently been distributed and sold in Korea, but they are mostly produced in the U.S., which is the largest producer and consumer worldwide. Taken together, results of this study indicate that the demand for nutritional enhancement and preferred materials vary according to the nationality. Hence, it is necessary to develop products that reflect these criteria. Further research is required to analyze the relationship between preference and consumption behavior for each material product developed in the future.

• 한국포장학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2019

화장품 내용물의 모니터링이 가능한 화장품 스마트 패키징을 제작하기 위하여 화장품 업계 실무자를 대상으로 경험 및 선호도를 조사하였다. 대부분의 설문자가 화장품 사용 시 유통기한 준수를 위해 기한을 확인하며, 보관환경에 의한 화장품 내용물의 변질이 빈번한 것을 확인하였다. 설문조사 결과를 바탕으로 보관환경의 온·습도, 사용빈도, 유통기한, 내용물 제조성분 표시기능을 추가하여 센서·PCB 및 모바일 어플리케이션을 제작하였으며, 기능의 작동성을 확인하였다. 제작한 센서의 고온, 상온, 저온의 3가지 환경조건에서의 작동성능을 확인한 결과, 온도 및 습도가 (±3)℃, (±5)%R.H. 이내로 작동하였고, pH는 (±1) 이내로 측정되어각 환경조건에서 설정한 기준치 이내로 정상 작동하는 것을 확인하였다. 제작한 센서 및 PCB를 적용할 수 있는 스마트 화장품 용기를 설계, 디자인하였고, 제작한 스마트 화장품 용기의 내구성을 확인하였다. 비교적 부피가 큰 센서를 적용하기 위하여 크래들 형태를 적용하였으며, 내용물 용기에 회전토출방식을 적용하여 밀폐성을 높였다. 제작한 화장품 용기의 감압누설, 내열성, 내한성, 낙하, 크로스컷트 시험 결과, 각 시험 후 용기의 변형, creep 현상, 분리, 균열, 파열, 변색 등의 손상이 발생하지 않았으며, 누설 및 작동불량이 발생하지 않았다. 본 연구에서 개발한 화장품 스마트 패키징 용기, 센서 및 어플리케이션을 통해 화장품의 보관환경, 사용빈도 등을 측정할 수 있었고, 측정 정보를 용기의 색변화 및 어플리케이션을 통해 효율적으로 소비자에게 전달할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 소비자 UI/UX 디자인 개발을 통한 어플리케이션 및 용기에 대한 연구가 추가적으로 이루어진다면, 상용화를 통한 다양한 화장품 제품군에 적용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.607-616
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• 2011

We identified the intake pattern and consumption propensity of milk and sought improvements to promote consumption of milk. We targeted 362 preschool children aged 5~7 years old who attended nursery school in the Bucheon area. Questionnaires were distributed and 328 questionnaires were collected. Approximately 36.2% of boys and 31.2% of gorls drank milk six times per week. A total of 32.9% of the preschool children drank more than 2 cups of milk/day. Approximately 72.9% of them currently drink white milk, and 46.0% preferred milk to processed milk. The reasons why they drink milk included 'want to be tall'(66.5%) and 'good health'(52.4%). Mothers(54.6%)and preschool children(39.3%) were the purchasers with the greatest impact on product purchases. Consumer propensity to buy milk was shown in the order of expiration date(4.80 points), and nutrition facts(4.01 points). (4.88 points) and enhanced nutrients(4.59 points) should be promoted for milk consumption. Therefore, it is thought that continuous nutrition education should be made together in order to increase consumption of milk of children and education targeting teachers and school parents should be conducted as well. And in order for children to drink milk without repulsion, the development of various products satisfying both symbolic aspects and nutritional aspects should continue to be made.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.693-700
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• 2008

The purposes this study were to a) analyze the revisiting ratio of resting customers after issuing online coupons, b) compare the characteristics of coupon redemption customers with non-redemption customers. For this study, the customers of M restaurant who did not revisit during the last 8 months were classified as 'resting customers', totaling 4,052 customers. The online coupons, valid for 9 months, were sent via e-mail to those customers. After that, the data collected from those who redeemed the coupon in September 2006 was utilized. As a result of sending the coupon to 4,052 resting customers, 1,288 customers redeemed the coupon during the study period, showing relatively high redemption ratio (31.6%). The average check of customers with the online coupon was decreased by 22% compared with customers without the coupon, but the party size remained almost the same, 2.6 customers, and also the redemption ratio was increasing as the expiration date of the coupon was approaching. The redemption ratio of female (35.3%) was much higher than male (19.2%), representing higher redemption possibility of the female customers by issuing the coupon. The redemption ratio of the twenties (69.1%) was obviously higher than other age groups. Also, the non-redemption ratio of other groups except the twenties was higher than the redemption ratio. The redemption ratio of low-educated was higher, under college degree (58.6%), college degree (35.4%), and over college degree (16.6%). Following the result of the average visiting frequency of redemption customers during last the 8 months was 4.2, the frequency of non-redemption customers was 9.8. The total average visiting of non-redemption customer was 10.5, and that of redemption customers was 8.6. Customers who visited the restaurant less frequently in the past have higher possibility to revisit after receiving the coupon.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.596-602
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• 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate parents' behavior and attitudes regarding their kids' snacking and dietary life education. A survey was conducted with the parents (N=412) of elementary students from seven provinces, includeing Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Kwangju, Gyungnam, Chungnam, and Kangwon. Kids' snacks consisted mainly of purchased foods rather than homemade foods. Parents' main concerns regarding kids' snacks were nutrition (44.9%), taste (24.3%), and safety (23.5%). Over 50% of parents checked food labels, especially expiration date (96.4%), food ingredients (49.5%), and food additives (33.5%). The snack items frequently provided to kids were fruits (62.8%), milk (55.5%), bread (47.1%), and snack items (23.3%). Parents responded that the amount of their kids' snacking was adequate (47.8%), small (33.7%), or large (18.2%). The results show that more research is needed regarding the adequacy of kids' snacking, considering that 15.7% and 22.4% of the children ate more and less, respectively, than their daily energy requirement. 76.5% of the parents performed home education regarding their kids' dietary habits, especially on the topics of 'balanced diet' (83.9%), 'healthful food' (53.7%), and 'eating three meals a day' (40.2%). Parents obtained dietary information from TV (65.2%), internet (12.0%), and newspapers (7.0%). From this study, we found that parents perceived their kids' snacking behavior correctly, and considered home-education for their kids' dietary habits positively. However, the information resources were limited, which makes it necessary to develop parents' education programs.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.11-20
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception and utilization of salted seafood in Korean women. We also asked them about their opinions on how to increase the production range of popular salted seafood. Data were collected from 1,137 women and were analyzed with SAS 9.1 program. Women aged between 40 and 59 had higher positive perception of salted seafood than women aged between 20 and 39. The older age group (i.e. 40 to 59) believed that the production of salted seafood, such as like as Kimchi and soy sauce, should be globalized because of their taste and nutritional value. However, the younger age group (i.e. 20 to 39) had negative perceptions of salted seafood because of their unhygienic production and excess amount of salt. Women aged 50 and over used salted seafood frequently as a side dish or seasoning to make Kimchi, stew, or soup. The younger age group preferred to purchase a small package (200g or less) of salted seafoods from the grocery store instead of preparing it themselves. When purchasing salted seafood, they considered the taste, manufacturer, and expiration date. Finally, all interviewees agreed on the importance of salted seafood as part of traditional Korean cuisine, and wanted to see further local development. However, manufacturing and packaging processes need to be standardized, and hygiene and nutritional contents should be improved in order to achieve good quality local production. To succeed and develop high quality salted seafood, younger consumers need to be enticed with better nutritional value, taste, and hygienic production. Furthermore, the production range of popular salted seafood needs to be expanded beyond Kimchi and Soy Sauce. Hence new recipes are needed.

• 분석과학
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.215-223
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• 2020

The objectives of the present study were to assess the oxidative stability of South Korean n-3 (omega-3 fatty acid) supplements carried out from 2018 to 2019 and evaluate the influence of product characteristics on oxidative safety. A total of 76 n-3 supplements were analysed for oxidation safety by four markers, including acid value (AV), primary oxidation (peroxide value, PV), secondary oxidation (p-anisidine value, pAV) and total oxidation value (TOTOX). Among the supplements tested, 5.3 %, 55.3 %, 28.9 % and 46.1 % exceeded the international voluntary recommended levels for AV, PV, pAV and TOTOX, respectively. Purity (%) of products, remainder of expiration date (suggested shelf life), package in press through package (PTP) and products with additives had statistically significant differences oxidation assessment levels (p < 0.05). In addition, n-3 group found in Algae oil had significantly lower AV levels than the group that did not, and product with Alaska pollack oil, had significantly higher pAV levels than without group (p < 0.05). The high oxidation status of South Korean n-3 products in the present study could not be considered a public health problem right now. However, the levels of oxidation may affect a lot the efficacy and safety of using n-3 supplements. Thus, current oxidation safety limits should be reestablished by regulatory bodies to ensure the safety and efficacy of n-3 supplements, so that the standards could be applied to the products available to consumers.