• 한국윤활학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국윤활학회 2002년도 proceedings of the second asia international conference on tribology
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• pp.389-396
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• 2002

In XXI century it is necessary to expect the recommencement and development of activities on mastering the Moon. In the long term it is construction of manned lunar bases with industrial, astrophysical, procuring, repair equipment and services. Interplanetary flights from the Moon demand smaller power expenditures, than from the Earth, therefore it is favourable to use its surface for the construction of space-vehicle launching sites. Flights of devices in libration points in the system 'Earth - Moon' are considered. Experience of engineering system creation for the Moon displays the great complexity in provision of serviceability and reliability of friction units. Open friction units should operate under following conditions on the Moon: pressure of environment (vacuum) $p\;>10\;^{-10}$ Pa; wide range of temperature change $+150^{\circ}C\;...170^{\circ}C$; high evaporability of lubricants; influence of temperature gradients and warping of constructions; sublimation of elements of constructional materials; irradiation of different physical nature; effect of micrometeorites; reduced gravitation; influence of abrasive particles of lunar ground; requirements on minimization of size and weight characteristics of a construction (high tension); undesirability (impossibility) of application of liquid and plastic lubricants; vibration, shock, acoustic loadings during start and landings to the Earth; difficulties in repair-regenerative operations in conditions of the Moon etc. Adhesive interaction of conjugated surfaces is the principal reason of possible failures of rubbed units on the Moon. In the research of the Moon automatic interplanetary stations of 'Luna' (USSR), 'Surveyer', 'Apollo' (USA) series were used. Stations executed functions of flying, landing, artificial satellites of the Moon, moon-rovers and manned spacecrafts such as 'Apollo'. The experimental- theoretical researches carried out in the sixtieth years on tribology for conditions of the Moon appeared to be rather useful to engineering of an outer space exploration and the decision of complex problems for the friction units operating in extreme conditions on the Earth. For the creation of highly loaded friction units for the long service life on the Moon it is required not only to use accumulated experience and designed technologies, but also to carry out wide scientific research.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제24권5호특별호
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• pp.531-538
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• 2005

The primary purpose of the study was to investigate the degree of difficulty and the causes of the difficulties in science instruction reported by elementary teachers and students. The secondary purpose was to suggest the effective methods to both of them to improve the efficiency of science instruction. For this study, the survey was carried out on 322 students and 156 teachers in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades. The questionnaires consisted of interest, difficulty and its factors. The results of this investigation are summarized as follows; 1. Teachers had relatively higher interest than students in science instruction content(textbook). Furthermore, the units that teachers showed interest differed from those that students had. This means that there is a significant difference of interest in instruction process between teachers and students. 2. Teachers felt much higher difficulty than students in the content of science instruction. This shows that the degree of interest might have little relation with that of difficulty, and that teaching of science seemed more difficult than teaming. Moreover, there was a difference of difficulty in the units between the teachers and students. The result shows a distinctive difference of difficulty in 8 units of the 3rd grade, 9 units n the 4th grade, and 12 units in the 5th grade (p<.05, p<.001, p<.005, respectively). It means that the difficulty depended on the units. 3. Students responded that they are responsible for difficulty factors of teaming, otherwise teachers thought that students are responsible for it, when the factors were divided into student factor, teacher factor, and curriculum factor. 4. Students demanded many experiments in the lab as well as easy and interesting instructions in order to reduce the degree of difficulty and to improve the condition of science instructions. However, teachers demanded the expansion of experimental equipments and materials as well as the improvement of the lab condition.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제51권11호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 얼굴영상에 나타난 사람의 표정을 인식하기 위해 얼굴검출, 얼굴정렬, 얼굴단위 추출, 그리고 AdaBoost를 이용한 학습 방법과 효과적인 인식방법을 제안한다. 입력영상에서 얼굴 영역을 찾기 위해서 얼굴검출을 수행하고, 검출된 얼굴영상에 대하여 학습된 얼굴모델과 정렬(Face Alignment)을 수행한 후, 얼굴의 표정을 나타내는 단위요소(Facial Units)들을 추출한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 얼굴 단위요소들을 표정을 표현하기 위한 기본적인 액션유닛(AU, Action Units)의 하위집합으로 눈썹, 눈, 코, 입 부분으로 나눠지며, 이러한 액션유닛에 대하여 AdaBoost 학습을 수행하여 표정을 인식한다. 얼굴유닛은 얼굴표정을 더욱 효율적으로 표현할 수 있고 학습 및 테스트에서 동작하는 시간을 줄여주기 때문에 실시간 응용분야에 적용하기 적합하다. 실험결과, 제안하는 표정인식 시스템은 실시간 환경에서 90% 이상의 우수한 성능을 보여준다.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.535-544
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was done to develop a schematized alarm-managing manual for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and to investigate its effects in maintaining continuity in the patients' treatment and promptly resolving alarms when CRRT is being carried out. Methods: Sixtynurses from two medical intensive care units (ICUs) (one experimental and one control) at one hospital were asked to answer a questionnaire including their CRRT nursing competency and satisfaction with the manual. Data on alarm resolution rate were collected by analyzing existing data, such as the details of each alarm and the number of resolutions around the clock in the CRRT device. Results: The alarm resolution rate and some of CRRT nursing competency scores in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group. The experimental group was also satisfied with the manual. Conclusion: The study confirmed that the schematized alarm-managing manual can be useful for ICU nurses to resolve alarms and can be used as a guideline. Application of this manual to clinical practices and its use can therefore, be encouraged through continuous education and promotion.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.163-175
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• 1997

많은 산업체나 농업 현장에서 실험이 행해질 때 블록내 실험단위에서의 처리가 시간적 또는 공간적으로 제약을 받는 경우가 빈번히 발생하게 되는데 이러한 경우 처리는 확률화에 따르기보다는 조직적인 순서에 따라 행해지게 된다. 이때 처리 효과가 블록내에서 나타날 수 있는 시간적 또는 공간적 추세에 독립적으로 추정되도록 순서가 설계된 실험계획을 추세무관 블록계획이라 부른다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 추세무관 블록계획의 성질을 살펴 그 필요성에 관해 약술하고 다음으로 선형추세무관 블록계획의 생성을 위한 두 알고리즘을 소개한다. 하나는 Bradley와 Odeh(1988)에 의해 고안된 알고리즘을 보완하였고, 다음은 존재하는 모든 가능한 계획을 발생시키는 알고리즘을 제시하였다.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2009

본 논문은 실험단위들의 구조적 특성으로 지분관계를 갖는 실험을 행해야 하는 경우를 가정한다. 지분계획하에서 처리를 구성하는 요인으로 반복측정 요인을 고려한다. 반복측정 요인의 수준들이 비확률화에 의해 지분구조의 실험단위들에 배정될 때, 비확률화에 따른 실험의 특성을 감안한 모형으로 복합대칭의 공분산 구조하에서 혼합효과 모형을 논의하고 있다. 처리의 일부 요인들이 시간 또는 공간상의 제약으로 인해 지분구조의 실험단위들에 임의적으로 배정될 수 없을 때, 지분구조의 실험단위들에 대한 반응 값들은 어떤 구조적 상관관계를 나타내는 값들로 관측될 수 있음을 예상할 수 있다. 자료의 구조적 상관성을 고려한 공분산 구조하의 선형모형으로 확률요인과 고정요인을 포함하는 혼합효과의 모형을 제시하고 모형내 미지모수들에 대한 추론방법을 다루고 있다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 1992

44 Temporomandibular Disorders(TMDs) patients with non-trauma and non-iatrogenic origin pressented at Wonkwang University Dental Hospital. They were grouped into experimental subjects and 85 persons without TMSDs were classified into control groups. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effects of recent life changes on the symptom severity and treatment course of TMDs. For that purpose, the author used several scales and indices, namely, Social Readjustment Rating Scale(SRRS) devised by Holmes and Rahe, SRRS-Korean revision by Hong and Jeong, Helkimos Anamnestic index, Clinical Dysfunction index, and Visual Analogue Scale treatment index(VAS Ti) transformed from VAS by the author. Data resulted from the investigation were collected by scale or index and processed with SPSS. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Life change units(LCU) and values of indices of experimental group were higher than those of control group. 2. Life change units recorded with SRRS-Korean revision were higher than those with original SRRS in all cases and significant positive correlations existed, between he two Therefore, clinical use of original SRRS in Korea is reliable and valid. 3. In experimental group, LCU were positively correlated with Helkimos Clinical Dysfunction index and VAS treatment index, but in control group LCU were not correlated with any items. From this, increase of life changes in patient with TMDs is likely to aggravate TMJ dysfunction and more likely to complicate treatment course.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2010

Purpose: The study was done to examine the development and effects of horticulture therapy on quality of sleep and immune function in patients in hospice units. Methods: The participants in this study were hospice patients in D hospital in D city. Thirty hospice patients were assigned to the experimental group, thirty to the control group. Data were collected from April 29 to July 26, 2009. The horticulture therapy program consisted of indoor and outdoor horticultural activities. The horticulture therapy was conducted for 30 minutes, 6 times a week for 3 weeks (a total 18 times). Measures were quality of sleep, and immune function by serum T-cell, NK-cell count. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and t-test with SPSS/WIN 13.0 version. Results: Patients in the experimental group receiving horticulture therapy had a significant difference in changes in the quality of sleep compared to the control group. There were also a significant difference in changes in the immune function (serum T cell and serum NK cell) between the experimental group and control group. Conclusion: The study results indicate that horticulture therapy developed for hospice patients is an effective, palliative intervention program to improve the quality of sleep and immune function of hospice patients.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a tailored simulation learning (SL) program and to evaluate the effects of the program on the clinical competency, clinical decision-making competency, and communicative competency of new nursing staffs in intensive care units (ICU) and emergency rooms (ER). Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, fifteen nurses were assigned to the experimental group and fifteen to the control group. The experimental group was given the SL program of four sessions, whereas the lectures of four sessions were given to the control group. Data were analyzed using a $x^2$-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis test with an SPSS program. Analysis of covariance was used to treat the covariate of pre communicative competency between the experimental and control groups. Results: Based on the education needs of new nursing staffs in ICUs and ERs, three learning scenarios and one evaluating scenario were developed for the SL program. The score for clinical competency, clinical decision-making competency, and communicative competency were significantly higher in the experimental group compared with the control group. Conclusion: The SL program is an effective learning strategy for new nursing staffs in ICUs and ERs. These findings suggest that an SL program be offered as an alternative for new nurse orientation and continuing nurse education.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.119-132
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effects of a direct breastfeeding program for premature infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted during August 2016 to April 2017. Sixty mothers of premature infants were assigned to the experimental (n = 31) or control groups (n = 29). The program was comprised of breastfeeding education and direct breastfeeding support. The experimental and control groups were provided with education and counseling on breastfeeding at the time of admission and discharge. In the experimental group, the mothers initiated oral feeding with direct breastfeeding and engaged in breastfeeding at least seven times during the NICU stay. The collected data were analyzed by the χ2-test and repeated measures ANOVA using an SPSS program. Results: The experimental group showed a higher direct breastfeeding practice rate (χ2 = 19.29, p < .001), breastfeeding continuation rate (χ2 = 3.76, p < .001), and self-efficacy (F = 25.37, p < .001) than the control group except for maternal attachment. Conclusion: The direct breastfeeding program in the NICU has significant effects on the practice and continuation rate of breastfeeding and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Therefore, this program can be applied in the NICU settings where direct breastfeeding is limited.