• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-24
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• 2011

Objective: This study was performed to analyse four weeks repeated -dose toxicity of Sweet Bee Venom (SBV-pure melittin, the major component of honey bee venom) in rats. Methods: All experiments were conducted under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical study authorized institution. Male and female rats of 5 weeks old were chosen for the pilot study of four weeks repeated-dose toxicity and was injected at the level of 0.56 mg/kg body weight (eighty times higher than the clinical application dosage as the high dosage), followed by 0.28 and 0.14 mg/kg as midium and low dosage, respectively. Equal amount of normal saline was injected as the control group every day for four weeks. Results: 1. No mortality was witnessed in all of the experiment groups. 2. All experiment groups appealed pain sense in the treating time compared to the control group, and side effects such as hyperemia and movement disorder were observed around the area of injection in all experiment groups, and the higher dosage in treatment, the higher occurrence in side effects. 3. Concerning weight measurement, neither male nor female groups showed significant changes compared to the control group. 4. Concerning to the CBC and biochemistry, all experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared to the control group. 5. Concerning weight measurement of organs, experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared to the control group. 6. To verify abnormalities of organs and tissues, those such as cerebellum, cerebrum, liver, lung, kidney, and spinal cords were removed and we conducted histologocal observation with H-E staining. Concerning the histologocal observation of liver tissues, some fatty changes were observed around portal vein in 0.56 mg/kg experiment group. But another organs were not detected in any abnormalities. 7. The proper high dosage of SBV for the thirteen weeks repeated test in rats may be 0.28 mg/kg in one time. Conclusion: Above findings suggest that SBV is relatively safe treatment medium. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2007

A simple electric circuit of an infrared photodiode electrode (IPDE) was utilized to monitor iron using square-wave (SW) anodic stripping voltammetry (SV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The optimum analytical conditions were determined and were compared with those of common working electrodes. The comparison showed that CV is more sensitive and convenient to use than the common voltammetry methods. At the optimized conditions, the working ranges of 0.1- to 0.8- and 0.85- to 6.0 mg/L iron was obtained. Relative standard deviation of 15 measurements of iron (0.4 mg/L) was 0.09%. The analytical detection limit was found to be $80{\pm}0.6ug/L$, which was applied to iron in waste water.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.1290-1307
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• 2023

This study investigated the effect of processed forms (defatted or hydrolyzed) of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) as a protein substitute on broilers. Experiment 1 was a feeding experiment, and Experiment 2 was a metabolism experiment. In Experiment 1, a total of 120 day-old Arbor Acres broilers (initial body weight 39.52 ± 0.24 g) were used for 28 days. There were 8 replicate pens, and 5 broilers were assigned to each pen. In Experiment 2, a total of 36 day-old broilers (initial body weight 39.49 ± 0.21 g) were used for the metabolism trial. There were 2 broilers in a metabolism cage and six replicate cages per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: a basal diet (CON), a basal diet without fishmeal and substitute with defatted BSFL (T1), a basal diet without fishmeal and a substitute with hydrolyzed BSFL (T2). In Experiment 1, during the entire experimental period, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) body weight gain and feed intake compared to the CON and T1 groups. The feed conversion ratio showed a lower tendency (p = 0.057) in the T2 group than in the CON and T1 groups. At 2 weeks, the CON and T2 groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) digestibility than the T1 group. At 4 weeks, the total protein level significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the CON and T2 groups compared to the T1 group. In Experiment 2, the CP digestibility significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 group compared to the CON and T1 group at weeks 2 and 4. At week 4 amino acid digestibility, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and glycine digestibility compared to the T1 group. There was no difference in fecal microbiota among the treatment groups. In conclusion, feeding hydrolyzed BSFL as a fishmeal substitute in broiler diets improved growth performance, CP digestibility, and specific amino acid digestibility. Therefore, it is considered that hydrolyzed BSFL in broiler diets can be sufficiently used as a new protein source.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.83-101
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• 2004

The propose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the partial body weight support during treadmill training on the ambulation in elderly with chronic stroke. Fourteen hemiplegic volunteers participated and were divided into an experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, the body weight support during treadmill training was performed 3 times per week for 6 weeks. In the control group, usual treadmill training was applied. Before and after experiments, temporal-spatial gait parameters were measured. The date of 14 patients who carried out the whole experimental course were statistically analyzed. The results of the study were : 1. In the comparison of gait velocity before and after experiment, the gait velocity was significantly increased in the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the gait velocity between groups, there was not, significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 2. In comparison of gait cadence before and after experiment, the gait cadence was significantly increased in both groups(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the gait cadence between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 3. In the comparison of step length before and after experiment, the step length was significantly increased in the experimental group and the control group(p<.05). In the comparison of difference of the step length between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 4. In the comparison of single support time asymmetry before and after experiment, the single support time asymmetry was no significant difference between groups(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the single support time asymmetry between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). 5. In the comparison of step length asymmetry before and. after experiment, the step length asymmetry was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05). In the comparison of difference of the single step length asymmetry between groups, there was not significant difference between the experimental group and the control group(p>.05).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.283-288
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• 1996

This study was performed to investigate the effects of chitosan on the lead poisoning in rats. For this experiment, 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. The experimental groups were divided into five: Control (250 mg/kg lead), Group I (250 mg/kg lead+1% chitosan), Group II (250 mg/kg lead+2% chitosan), Group III(250 mg/kg lead+4% chitosan), Group IV (250 mg/kg lead+8% chitosan). The results were as follows; 1. The lead concentration in the liver showed 3.924~10.217 mg/kg in control group, but treated group was inclined to decrease during the experiment period (P<0.05). 2. The lead concentration in the kidney showed 23.268~31.315 mg/kg in control group, but Experimental group showed 3.765~9.725 mg/kg (Group I), 34.60~9.115 mg/kg (Group II), 3.549~8.816 mg /kg (Group III), 3.502~8.532 mg/kg (Group IV) resectively, also, Experimental group was inclined to decrease compared to control group (P

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.59-80
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• 2010

The present study investigated what kind of form-focused instruction would yield better results for incidental learning of English verb patterns in two experiments. Experiment 1 compared the effectiveness of focus on form (reading + translation) and focus on forms (verb pattern list + translation) tasks in learning new English verb patterns incidentally in Korean EFL college classrooms. The results of Experiment 1 showed significantly higher results for the focus on forms group. Since it was revealed by Experiment 1 that the learners did not notice unknown target verb patterns, Experiment 2 was undertaken to examine whether the difference between the focus on form and focus on forms conditions found in Experiment 1 would be retained even after the isolated form-focused instruction or focus on forms aiming at teaching students how to recognize verb patterns was provided for the learners before the focus on form and focus on forms tasks were carried out. The results showed that the focus on form group yielded significantly higher incidental learning scores than the focus on forms group. The effectiveness rates of the focus on form in Experiment 2 were statistically higher than those of the focus on forms in Experiment 1. The results of the two experiments indicated that the combination of the isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form was significantly more effective in learning English verb patterns incidentally. In conclusion, form-focused instruction including both isolated form-focused instruction and focus on form is an effective way to incidental learning of English verb patterns.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.552-556
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of feedback breathing exercise on respiratory muscle activity. Thirty stroke patients were randomly and equally assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group received rehabilitation exercise treatment for 30 minutes and feedback respiratory exercise for 30 minutes and the control group received rehabilitation exercise treatment for 30 minutes and conducted motomed exercise for 30 minutes. All of them conducted exercises five times per week for four weeks. Respiratory muscles including the upper trapezius(UT), longissimus dorsi(LD), rectus abdominis(RA), external abdominal oblique(EAO) and, internal abdominal oblique(IAO) were measured using MP 150WSW prior to and after the experiment. Regarding pulmonary functions prior to and after the experiment, the experimental group showed significant differences in all sections but the control group did not show significant differences in any sections. As for in-between group differences after the experiment, there were significant differences in the UT, LD, RA, and IAO but no significant differences in the EAO. In conclusion, respiratory muscle activity was more effective for the experimental group than the control group. It is considered that feedback respiratory exercise may induce improvement in respiratory muscles in stroke patients through feedback breathing exercise.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

Background and Purpose : This study serves the purpose to present the effective way on back pain therapy for women during their pregnancy by comparing and analyzing the effects influencing on pain index, limits on daily life, and diminution of lumbar curve, when having treated for 6 weeks, dividing into therapy group, applied by decompression therapy on spine without unnecessary effects on the pregnant women and their fetus and the existent general physiotherapy group, applied on diminution of their back pain. Subject & methods : We made impregnate women of 30(25${\sim}$34years), as the subject of this study, who understood, and agreed with, this study, among pregnant women who were diagnosed as back pain. Pain intensity, limit index on daily life, and lumbar curve test, prior to experiment was implemented as paired t－test, comparison of the difference of average by each group before and after experiment was analysed as independent t－test, and statistical examination level was set up as 0.05. Results : The difference of average of pain and limit on daily life between the group, SDTG(spinal decompression therapy group), and the group, GPTG(general physical therapy group), before and after experiment was diminished as much as 44.4% and 16.79% each after completed 6 weeks' experiment, limit on daily life in both groups showed as much as 37.2% and 21.5% each, in the end, they statistically showed conspicuous difference(p<.05). Comparison of lumbar curves between both groups, SDTG and GPTG, before and after experiment, were diminished from -23.13${\pm}$4.85 to -15.66${\pm}$3.71, and there was no remarkable difference(p<.05). Conclusion : As, in this study, decompression therapy is more effective than general physical therapy with pregnancy low back pain in pain, limitation of daily life, lumbar curve.

• Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.16-26
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• 2003

Molecular markers are useful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and determining cultivar identity. Present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity within a diverse collection of rice accessions used for Korean breeding programs. Two hundred eighty-seven rice cultivars, composed of temperate japonica, tropical japonica, indica, and Tongil-type of Korean crossing parents were evaluated by means of 15 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 99 alleles were detected, and the number of alleles per marker ranged from 4 to 11, with an average of 6.6 per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) for each of the SSR markers ranged from 0.2924 to 0.8102 with an average of 0.5785. These results, with the result that use of only 15 SSR markers made all rice cultivars examined could be uniquely distinguished, imply the efficiency of SSR markers for analysis of genetic diversity in rice. Cluster analysis was performed on similar coefficient matrics calculated from SSR markers to generate a dendogram in which two major groups corresponding to japonica (Group I) and indica and Tongil type rice (group II) with additional subclasses within both major groups. The narrowness of the Korean breeding germplasm was revealed by the fact that most of the Korean-bred and Japan-bred temperate japonica cultivars were concentrated into only 2 of the sub-group I-1 (143 cultivars) and I-2 (58 cultivars) among six sub-groups in major group of japonica. This is because of the japonica accessions used in this study was a very closely related ones because of frequent sharing of the crossing parents with similar genetic background with synergy effect of the inherited genetic difference between indica and japonica. A rice breeding strategy with the use of molecular markers was discussed for overcoming of genetic vulnerability owing to this genetic narrowness.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.9-21
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• 2004

The purpose of study is that we will observe the change of c-fos with the immunohistochemistry method and then we will study the effect of micro current stimulation following the frequency after inducing pain to rats with capsaicin. Rat were classified to SD and they have growed for 8 weeks. We classify to four groups, ordinal group is used in experiment I, the group which we induce pain is used in experiment II, the application group which we induce pain and then the high frequency micro current stimulation is used in experiment III, the application group which we induce pain and then the low frequency micro current stimulation is used in experiment IV, we get the following result. Compare with experiment II, experiment III, and experiment IV from acute pain modal in the immunohistochemistry experiment which has c-fos protein as an antigen, c-fos immunoreactive positive neurons significantly after induced pain for two hours(p<0.001). According to these results, from rats induced pain, micro current stimulation effect to reducing pain, but following frequency micro current stimulation theraphy isn't different from immunoreactive c-fos