• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.880-894
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to a) measure the IC identified of CFMC (contract foodservice management company) ,b) examine IC circumstance of CFMC, c) evaluate practically IC measurement tool of CFMC, and d) present information for selecting an adequate CFMC to clients. The questionnaires of IC measurement were handed out to 108 CFMCs, there composing of main office employees, foodservice managers, customers, and clients of 207 school,38 hospital, and 86 husiness/industry foodservices. The statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS Win (ver 12.0) for descriptive analysis, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test. First, CFMCs had operational experience for an average of 8 years and 8 months, and served an average of 38,540 meals a day. Most of the respondent companies specialized in the school foodservice field and managed an average of 66 clients for the contract period of 2 years and 3 months. Second, the respondent companies had gotten a score of 77.78 points for the total average, 77.7 points in the large enterprise group and 78.1 points in the small and medium-sized enterprise group. Therefore, the minimum number of points for the accrediting license on Qualification is suggested to be over 70 out of a 100 point scale; this study would be serve as reference for the certification license on qualification. On the level of evaluation category, the scores were 14.15 to 20 points on $\ulcorner$finance$\urcorner$, 19.24 to 25 points on $\ulcorner$customer$\urcorner$, 19.33 to 25 points on $\ulcorner$process$\urcorner$, 14.31 to 20 points on $\ulcorner$human resource$\urcorner$, and 8.6 to 10 point on $\ulcorner$renewal and development$\urcorner$ . $\ulcorner$Renewal and development$\urcorner$ and $\ulcorner$customer focus$\urcorner$ received better grades than other evaluation categories. Third, $\ulcorner$Finance$\urcorner$ indicated similar distribution overall. Small and medium-sized companies had lower grades than large companies on 'market ability' of $\ulcorner$customer$\urcorner$ , but, clients of small and medium-sized companies had higher grade for 'client satisfaction' than large companies. Most of the companies supported 'infrastructure support for foodservice operation' of $\ulcorner$process$\urcorner$ by the main office of CFMCs, but, the branch chain offices of CFMCs were not applied efficiently. Large companies made more effort to improve the 'employee ability' of $\ulcorner$human focus$\urcorner$ than small and medium-sized CFMC. The 'research and development cost' of $\ulcorner$renewal and development$\urcorner$ was increased compared to the previous year. In conclusion, if CFMCs were to perform self-evaluation and a routine checkups by utilizing CFMC's IC measuring tool, improvements in CFMC operational capacities as well as foodservice quality can be noted. (Korean J Nutrition 38(10)'880$\sim$894,2005)

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.6
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• pp.753-760
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• 2018

Objective : We investigated the effect of optimization in dose-limiting shell method on the dosimetric quality of CyberKnife (CK) plans in treating brain metastases (BMs). Methods : We selected 19 BMs previously treated using CK between 2014 and 2015. The original CK plans ($CK_{original}$) had been produced using 1 to 3 dose-limiting shells : one at the prescription isodose level (PIDL) for dose conformity and the others at low-isodose levels (10-30% of prescription dose) for dose spillage. In each case, a modified CK plan ($CK_{modified}$) was generated using 5 dose-limiting shells : one at the PIDL, another at intermediate isodose level (50% of prescription dose) for steeper dose fall-off, and the others at low-isodose levels, with an optimized shell-dilation size based on our experience. A Gamma Knife (GK) plan was also produced using the original contour set. Thus, three data sets of dosimetric parameters were generated and compared. Results : There were no differences in the conformity indices among the $CK_{original}$, $CK_{modified}$, and GK plans (mean 1.22, 1.18, and 1.24, respectively; p=0.079) and tumor coverage (mean 99.5%, 99.5%, and 99.4%, respectively; p=0.177), whereas the $CK_{modified}$ plans produced significantly smaller normal tissue volumes receiving 50% of prescription dose than those produced by the $CK_{original}$ plans (p<0.001), with no statistical differences in those volumes compared with GK plans (p=0.345). Conclusion : These results indicate that significantly steeper dose fall-off is able to be achieved in the CK system by optimizing the shell function while maintaining high conformity of dose to tumor.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2016

Radiation generating devices must be properly shielded for their safe application. Although institutes such as US National Bureau of Standards and National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) have provided guidelines for shielding X-ray tube of various purposes, industry people tend to rely on 'Half Value Layer (HVL) method' which requires relatively simple calculation compared to the case of those guidelines. The method is based on the fact that the intensity, dose, and air kerma of narrow beam incident on shielding wall decreases by about half as the beam penetrates the HVL thickness of the wall. One can adjust shielding wall thickness to satisfy outside wall dose or air kerma requirements with this calculation. However, this may not always be the case because 1) The strict definition of HVL deals with only Intensity, 2) The situation is different when the beam is not 'narrow'; the beam quality inside the wall is distorted and related changes on outside wall dose or air kerma such as buildup effect occurs. Therefore, sometimes more careful research should be done in order to verify the effect of shielding specific radiation generating device. High energy X-ray tubes which is operated at the voltage above 400 kV that are used for 'heavy' nondestructive inspection is an example. People have less experience in running and shielding such device than in the case of widely-used low energy X-ray tubes operated at the voltage below 300 kV. In this study, Air Kerma value per week, outside concrete shielding wall of various thickness surrounding 450 kVp X-ray tube were calculated using MCNP simulation with the aid of Geometry Splitting method which is a famous Variance Reduction technique. The comparison between simulated result, HVL method result, and NCRP Report 147 safety goal $0.02mGy\;wk^{-1}$ on Air Kerma for the place where the public are free to pass showed that concrete wall of thickness 80 cm is needed to achieve the safety goal. Essentially same result was obtained from the application of HVL method except that it suggest the need of additional 5 cm concrete wall thickness. Therefore, employing the result from HVL method calculation as an conservative upper limit of concrete shielding wall thickness was found to be useful; It would be easy, economic, and reasonable way to set shielding wall thickness.

• Journal of the Korean Child Neurology Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.189-196
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• 2018

Purpose: Floppy infants or congenital hypotonia indicates decreased muscle tone in infants secondary to abnormalities of the central or the peripheral nervous system, or both. Previous literature classified its causes as those attributable to a central vs. peripheral origin; however, recent studies have introduced a newer classification describing a combined origin. We invenstigated floppy infants by applying the new etiological classification and reviewed the most common etiologies based on the age of presentation. We additionally reviewed the clinical characteristics, diagnoses, and the developmental outcomes in these infants. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical charts and recruited 116 infants diagnosed with floppy infant syndrome between January 2005 and December 2016 at Severance Children's Hospital. Among these infants, 66 with a confirmed diagnosis were reviewed for the etiological classification. Information regarding developmental outcomes was obtained via phone interviews with the infants' families. Results: Based on the new etiological classification, among 69 infants with a confirmed diagnosis, in 40 (34.5%) this syndrome was of central origin, in 19 (16.4%) of peripheral origin, and in 10 (8.6%) of combined origin. Prader-Willi syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, and spinal muscular atrophy were the most common disorders observed and combined hypotonia showed the poorest developmental outcome. Conclusion: The study states the importance of proper evaluation of etiological diagnosis and optimal intervention for developmental prognosis. The introduction of a new etiological group of combined hypotonia especially emphasizes regular monitoring and timely rehabilitative intervention in patients for the better quality of life in them as well as their caregivers.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.53-75
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• 2013

This article explores the impact of mergers on the experiences of students. A case design is used to gain an in-depth understanding of the students in a Korean university that was combined with a two-year college in 2007. Semi-structured interviews of 11 direct entrants, 5 transfer students, and 7 professors were conducted in 2010 for the data collection. The results suggest that mergers do not necessarily ensure the integration of the students involved. Since mergers pose enormous challenges to both transfer students and direct entrants, university leaders need to give careful attention to students' persistence and integration as the campus changes. The results also reveal that students' experience of mergers may be affected by cultural backgrounds as well as the hierarchical structure of higher education. In Korean society, where credentialism prevails, mergers can have different impacts on students who come from initial institutions of differing perceived quality, and thus mergers may incite tension among the students. In light of these concerns, this study's findings highlight the importance of student integration as a key element in mergers.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.545-554
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• 2021

According to the changes of the medical environment of the times, it is necessary to discuss the issues of the doctor's medical guidance and to conduct continuous research so that alternatives can be prepared systematically. Furthermore, in order to enhance the professionalism of radiological technologists and to develop the medical technician system, the new Radiological Technologist Independent Act has been established, which contains the overall contents of the scope of work, professional qualifications, and specialized education of radiological technologists, and provides quality medical services to patients through professional procedures and treatment. In order to increase the level of medical care, the purpose, definition, mission, role, and scope of work specified in the Medical Act, Medical Service Technologists, etc. Act, the Enforcement Decree, and the Enforcement Rules were variously analyzed and new directions were presented. First, the definition of a medical technician should use a generic term so that the factors of conflict and prejudice could be resolved. Second, change the doctor's guide to doctor's prescription; and then legislate the authority to sign and write medical records after examination by radiological technologists, thereby prohibiting unlicensed technicians that seriously endanger patient safety. Third, an accurate definition of radiological technologists' roles should be established; not only selection and management of radiological technologists' work but also procedures and treatment for each radiology field should be specified to suit the current medical system. Fourth, a professional radiological technologists' qualification system and a specialized education system should be established in order to secure human resources that could provide patients trust in procedures and treatment based on professional knowledge and experience in the field of radiology. Fifth, the Education and Evaluation Institute should be operated in Korea education system to educate the professional knowledge and competency for students. In addition, it is necessary to in-depth analysis of foreign cases could be applied to the medical system and education system in Korea; it could strive to nurture systematic human resources.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.263-272
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• 2021

This study investigated the oral health knowledge and educational needs of adults by life cycle. We aimed to provide basic data for developing oral health education plans for well -aging. The survey was conducted online and through mobiles by Gallup Korea during February 2021. A total of 319 adults over the age of 19 were surveyed. The study aimed at investigating the general characteristics, the quality of life-related to oral health, knowledge of oral health, and the need for well-aging education. The PASW Statistics ver 18.0 statistical program was used for data analysis. The analysis of the data suggests that prevention was the highest priority among all age groups. Furthermore, there was a difference in the perceived educational need among different age groups. The cause of the youth, the treatment of the middle-aged and the elderly were significantly related to oral and systemic disease. The need for education related to oral diseases was ranked in the order of aches, bad breath, periodontal diseases, and tooth discoloration. For information, the subjects reached out to the internet, dental and medical institutions, and public health centers. The teaching methods experienced by those surveyed included lectures combined with experience, videos, and expert lectures. We believe that this study can be used to develop an education plan that reflects the needs of the subjects when conducting life cycle education for well-aging.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.561-566
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• 2019

Objective : Functional outcomes have traditionally been evaluated and compared using subjective surveys, such as visual analog scores (VAS), the Oswestry disability index (ODI), and Short Form-36 (SF-36), to assess symptoms and quality of life. However, these surveys are limited by their subjective natures and inherent bias caused by differences in patient perceptions of symptoms. The Fitbit $Charge^{(R)}$ (Fitbit Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) provides accurate and objective measures of physical activity. The use of this device in patients after laminectomy would provide objective physical measures that define ambulatory function, activity level, and degree of recovery. Therefore, the present study was conducted to identify relationships between the number of steps taken by patients per day and VAS pain scores, prognoses, and postoperative functional outcomes. Methods : We prospectively investigated 22 consecutive patients that underwent laminectomy for spinal stenosis or a herniated lumbar disc between June 2015 and April 2016 by the same surgeon. When patients were admitted for surgery and first visited after surgery, preoperative and postoperative functional scores were recorded using VAS scores, ODI scores, and SF-36. The VAS scores and physical activities were recorded daily from postoperative day (POD) 1 to POD 7. The relationship between daily VAS scores and daily physical activities were investigated by simple correlation analysis and the relationship between mean number of steps taken and ODI scores after surgery was subjected to simple regression analysis. In addition, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was used to investigate the significance of pre-to-postoperative differences in VAS, ODI, and SF-36 scores. Results : Pre-to-postoperative VAS (p<0.001), ODI (p<0.001), SF-36 mental composite scores (p=0.009), and SF-36 physical composite scores (p<0.001) scores were found to be significantly different. Numbers of steps taken from POD 1 to POD 7 were negatively correlated with daily VAS scores (r=-0.981, p<0.001). In addition, the mean number of steps from POD 3 to POD 7 and the decrease in ODI conducted one month after surgery were statistically significant (p=0.029). Conclusion : Wearable devices are not only being used increasingly by consumers as lifestyle devices, but are also progressively being used in the medical area. This is the first study to demonstrate the usefulness of a wearable device for checking patient physical activity and predicting pain and prognosis after laminectomy. Based on our experience, the wearable device used to provide measures of physical activity in the present study has the potential to provide objective information on pain severity and prognosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.7-29
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of specialized services, user experience, and the overall satisfaction for the specialized library users, and based on the ISA method, compare the specialized theme data, specialized service place, specialized program, specialized theme area facilities and environment, and derive issues of the specialized library operation and improvement measures. Consequently, first, when selecting the theme of the specialized library, the theme ought to be selected to reflect the regional characteristics, history and demographics of the library, and the demand survey of the local residents and library users would need to be considered. Second, when planning the specialized program, the specialized library ought to consider operating differentiated programs based on the program operator who has the expertise to improve the quality of the program. Furthermore, sufficient theme related books and space must be secured, and moreover, the program must be planned in connection with the book collection. Third, the specialized library should be so structured as to ensure that the space may serve specialized themes provided by the library in order to provide specialized collections, services, and information services for the users. In addition, reflecting the needs of the users in designing the space must be considered.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.56
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• pp.169-196
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• 2017

Korean unwed mothers and their families often experience discriminatory and unfair treatment in their everyday lives. However, there has been little research examining discrimination against unwed mothers and its effects on these women's lives. Therefore, further studies are needed to identify and assess types and degree of discrimination against unwed mothers. This study aims to investigate and develop a reliable and valid measurement scale of experiences of discrimination for Korean unwed mothers. For developing the scale, the researchers constructed a concept and sub factors, and the pre-scale of 75 items of discrimination experiences of unwed mothers by conducting a literature review and focus groups interviews, Validity and reliability of the scale were tested by carrying out an item quality analysis, a exploratory factor analysis, a correlation analysis, a criterion validity test and a reliability analysis, The scale of 21 items was constructed with three dimensions. This study is significant that it provides the scale of discrimination for Korea unwed mothers with high reliability and validity to identify and verify types and degree of discrimination experiences of unwed mothers.