• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.65 no.12
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• pp.2046-2052
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• 2016

Ramp metering is one of the most efficient and widely used control methods for an intelligent transportation management system on a freeway. Its objective is to control and upgrade freeway traffic by regulating the number of vehicles entering the freeway entrance ramp, in such a way that not only the alleviation of the congestion but also the smoothing of the traffic flow around the desired density level can be achieved for the maintenance of the maximum mainline throughput. When the cycle of the signal detection is larger than that of the system process, the density tracking problem needs to be considered in the form of the discrete-time system. Therefore, a discrete-time sliding mode control method is proposed for the ramp metering problem in the presence of both input constraint in the on-ramp and exogenous disturbance in the off-ramp considering the random behavior of the driver. Simulations were performed using a validated second-order macroscopic traffic flow model in Matlab environment and the simulation results indicate that proposed control method can achieve better performance than previously well-known ALINEA strategy in the sense that mainstream flow throughput is maximized and congestion is alleviated even in the presence of input constraint and exogenous disturbance.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10b
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• pp.652-655
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• 1996

This paper develops an AC motor controller for applications. The AC motor controller is designed based on the variable structure control method and a variable structure disturbance observer is added to reduce the effects of exogenous disturbances. The designed controller is installed on the z-axis of a CNC machining center and milling experiments were performed. The results show improved performance on both position and speed tracking, when compared to the factory-designed servo controller.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.386-391
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• 2003

This paper focuses on robust $H_{\infty}$ control for bilinear systems with time-varying parameter uncertainties and exogenous disturbance via output feedback. $H_{\infty}$ control is achieved via separation into a $H_{\infty}$ state feedback control problem and a $H_{\infty}$ state estimation problem. The suitable robust stabilizing output feedback control law can be constructed in term of approximated solution to x-dependent Riccati equation using successive approximation technique. Also, the $H_{\infty}$ filter gain can be constructed in term of solution to algebraic Riccati equation. The output feedback control robustly stabilizes the plant and guarantees a robust $H_{\infty}$ performance for the closed-loop systems in the face of parameter uncertainties and exogenous disturbance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 2022

This paper describes the design of H-infinity controller for robust control of a DC motor system. The suggested controller can ensure robustness against disturbance and model uncertainty by minimizing H-infinity norm of the transfer function from exogenous input to performance output and applying the small gain theorem. In particular, the controller was designed to reduce the effects of disturbance and model uncertainty simultaneously by formalizing these problems as a mixed sensitivity problem. The validity of the proposed controller was demonstrated by computer simulations and real experiments. Moreover, the effectiveness of the proposed controller was confirmed by comparing its performance with PI controller, which was tested under the same experimental condition as the H-infinity controller.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.371-389
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• 2019

The implementation of a robust $H_{\infty}$ Control, which is numerically efficient for uncertain nonlinear dynamics, on longitudinal and lateral autopilots is realised for a quarter scale Piper J3-Cub model accepted as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) under the condition of sensor noise and disturbance effects. The stability and control coefficients of the UAV are evaluated through XFLR5 software, which utilises a vortex lattice method at a predefined flight condition. After that, the longitudinal trim point is computed, and the linearization process is performed at this trim point. The "${\mu}$-Synthesis"-based robust $H_{\infty}$ control algorithm for roll, pitch and yaw displacement autopilots are developed for both longitudinal and lateral linearised nonlinear dynamics. Controller performances, closed-loop frequency responses, nominal and perturbed system responses are obtained under the conditions of disturbance and sensor noise. The simulation results indicate that the proposed control scheme achieves robust performance and guarantees stability under exogenous disturbance and measurement noise effects and model uncertainty.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1729-1737
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• 2007

A CRD experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different exogenous betaine levels (0.000, 0.075, 0.150 and 0.225 percent) on 576 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross) under water salinity stress. Different levels of water salinity were made by adding 3 levels of NaCl (0, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/L) to drinking water. Feed and water were available ad libitum. Betaine increased body weight, improved feed conversion ratio, and decreased packed cell volume (p<0.05). Water salinity promoted body weight over the whole period, increased feed intake (11 to 21 and 29 to 42-d) and also improved feed conversion ratio in grower and finisher periods (p<0.01). Breast weight, water consumption (28-d and 42-d) and excreta moisture (28-d) were increased by elevating the level of water salinity (p<0.01). Interaction between dietary betaine and water salinity was significant on plasma osmolarity as well as epithelial osmolarity of the duodenum at 28-d. Epithelial osmolarity was decreased from duodenum to ileum. The data imply that betaine is involved in the protection of intestinal epithelia against osmotic disturbance which can be caused by saline water, but further research is needed to investigate the effects of betaine with higher levels of water salinity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.159-184
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• 1997

A Literature study on the language disturbance, the results are as follows; 1. Utterance was closely concerned not only the vocal organs(pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, lips, tongue, vocal cord etc,) but also five viscera{especially heart, lung, kidney etc.) in The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine. It is very like the vocal mechanism in Medical science. 2. In the language disturbance, It is classified with dysarthria and dysphasia in Medical science. But in Oriental medicine, it is expressed the language disturbance as coma-speech lessness, stiff tongue-speechlessness, frightening-speechlessness etc. Especially in Oriental medicine, Non-utterance is called aphasia in literature study. 3. In the concern of the language disturbance and five viscera, $Heart{\cdot}Lung{\cdot}Kidney$ are counted of first importence. In differential diagnosis, It is divided sthenia-syndrome and asthenia-syndrome. Sthenia-syndrome is classified with wind-cold, fire-evil, adverseness of vital energy, stagnation of phlegm, is easy to cure. Asthenia-syndrome is classified with sexual desire, anxiety-meditation, fear, is hard to cure. 4. The pathogenesis of dysphasia originated from two factors; The first internal damages are consumption of body fluid caused by lung-dryness and yin-dificiency of lung & kidney. The second disease caused by exogenous evjls is sluggishness of lung-energy. 5. In many using points of acupuncture of the language disturbance, the order is LI-4(合谷), H-7(神門), K-l(湧泉), L-3(太衝), K-3(太谿), S-6(三陰交), H-5(通里), G-15(아門), C-23(廉泉), S-40(豊降), K-6(照海), L-7(列缺), S-36(足三里) etc.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.747-763
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• 2000

through a literal study upon Arrhythmia between east and west medicine, the results were as follows 1. Arrhythmia is not only irregular cardiac beat but disorder of cardiac impulse making and conduction disturbance. it means almost irregularity of interval between two beat 2. In the east medicine, arrhythmia is represented various category as palpitation, continuous palpitation, dizziness, consumption which give the first consideration by the accompanied symptoms. A separate way in a diagnostics it become a base of diagnosis of diseases and decision of prognosis by the examination of pulse 3. In the west medicine, Arrhythmia is classified as disorder of heart rate, rhythm, conduction disturbance or tachycardia, bradycardia and it is concomitant with fatigue, palpitation, dyspnoea, syncope, chest discomfort 4. The diagnostic study of pulse condition which represent arrhythmia was started from $\mathbb{<}$Nae-Kyung$\mathbb{>}$ and it was revealed as pulse condition of rapid pulse, slow pulse, swift pulse, running pulse, knotted pulse, intermittent pulse etc. Out of them running pulse, knotted pulse, intermittent pulse which obviously are concomitant with irregularity of interval are clinically meaningful in a conditions of disease and decision of prognosis. and the significance of these pulse condition are transformed through the changes of the times 5. According to cause of disease it is classified by Arrhythmia(running pulse, knotted pulse, intermittent pulse) due to heat, cold, phlegm, deficiency(or insufficiency) and There are three categories of etiological factor that is, endogenous, exogenous and non-exo-endogenous factor. the endogenous factor is insufficiency of the heart Ki, deficiency of both Ki and blood, intemal stagnation of phlegm and fluid, stagnation of seven emotions. the exogenous factor is caused by stagnation of Ki and blood by six exogenous pathogenic factor and the non-exo-endgenous factors are improper diet, overstrain, traumatic injury. A cause of arrhythmia in western medicine are a organic and pathological change of the heart itself and malfunction of the autonomic nervous system.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2016

Effectiveness of transgene transfer into genome is crucially concerned in mass production of the bio-pharmaceuticals using genetically modified transgenic animals as a bioreactor. Recently, the mammary gland has been considered as a potential bioreactor for the mass production of the bio-pharmaceuticals, which appears to be capable of appropriate post-translational modifications of recombinant proteins. The mammary gland tissue specific vector system may be helpful in solving serious physiological disturbance problems which have been a major obstacle in successful production of transgenic animals. In this study, to minimize physiological disturbance caused by constitutive over-expression of the exogenous gene, we constructed new retrovirus vector system designed for mammary gland-specific expression of the hEPO gene. Using piggyBac vector system, we designed to express hEPO gene under the control of mammary gland tissue specific and lactogenic hormonal inducible goat ${\beta}$-casein or mouse Whey Acidic Protein (mWAP) promoter. Inducible expression of the hEPO gene was confirmed using RT-PCR and ELISA in the mouse mammary gland cells treated with lactogenic hormone. We expect the vector system may optimize production efficiency of transgenic animal and reduce the risk of global expression of transgene.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2022

Climate change is among the most important issues facing mankind in modern society. However, global PV energy expansion has been driven mainly by OECD countries. We investigate the determinants of PV energy growth by panel data of selected OECD countries from 1991 to 2018. We investigate four categories of driving factors: socioeconomic, technological, country specific, and policy factors. The test results support that PV capacity growth is significantly driven by technology development and multidimensional environment policy factors. Socioeconomic factors such as CO₂, GDP, and electricity price are statistically significant on the growth of PV energy, too. Whereas, country-specific solar potential factor is the least related. As most of the socioeconomic factors are exogenous, we need to focus more on PV technology development and policy measures.