• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.11c
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• pp.476-479
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• 2003

Recently, Bluetooth has been regarded as a new technology for short-range wireless connection. Although initial application of Bluetooth technology has been focused mainly on replacing cables between hand-held devices due to a limited packet size and short-range, general wireless telecommunication such as PAN and Ad hoc networks via Bluetooth-equipped devices is expected to be one of the most popular applications. Wireless equipments have been used to exchange data between host and mobile unit. The exchanging data may be several bytes of control command and the value of sensors with ultra-sonic, vision sensor, and encoder from mobile robot. However, most wireless equipments have some drawbacks such as lack of authentication, large size and high price. On the other hand, the benefits of Bluetooth are small size, low power, low price except short-range. Especially, there are some difficulties when wireless modules are used in indoor environments. In this paper, a method of using wire network in Bluetooth network is investigated as a solution to overcome the short-range problem of Bluetooth and difficulty in indoor environment.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.103-116
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• 2021

This research outlines the motivations behind the fan-lead marketing and promotional endeavours undertaken by musical group BTS's fan community, also known as ARMY. In highlighting the reciprocity in intimacy between the group and their fans, I argue that ARMY's desire to elevate BTS is embedded within structures of affect, despite the financial nature of the benefits the group and their company may reap. These fan-lead initiatives represent efforts towards a common goal, where success, whether it comes in the form of money or not, is a gift of gratitude and a show of mutual understanding from fans to BTS. Based on data from 22 interviews with fans, this research explores the motivations behind fan-lead marketing by looking at the affective properties of music consumption, the parasocial relationship, fan community dynamics, and the purchase of intimacy. Within these contexts, the promotion surrounding BTS's music, as organized by the fans, mimics profit-oriented behaviours but is ultimately a gesture towards the exchange of intimacy between fans and artist.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.41-50
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• 2013

Purpose - Inducing consumers' behavioral intent to use an outlet shopping center is a critical issue for managers since it can be used as a guide for developing marketing strategies. Low prices could lead to a growth in retail purchases, but there might also be a positive relationship between prices and customer perceptions of product quality. The extent to which consumers use price as a predictor of quality may differ according to the availability of important alternative cues such as brand, store name, and identity salience triggered by the store. Consumers can obtain non-economic benefits from marketing exchanges that go beyond basic economic achievement. We argue that identity salience can play a crucial mediating role when consumers, acting as exchange partners, seek to obtain social benefits. This study shows that identity salience could mediate the relationship between identity salience-inducing factors such as multi-finality, prestige and role performance, and consumers' behavioral intent to use an outlet shopping center. Research design, data and methodology - The survey was conducted on college students enrolled in marketing classes. A total of 200 questionnaires were distributed, of which only 194 were returned. After five incomplete questionnaires were excluded, a final sample of 189 was used for empirical analysis. Using a covariance structural analysis in Amos17, we confirmed the fit of the research model and estimated its parameters by using the maximum likelihood method. Results - The results of the hypotheses testing are as follows. First, both identity salience and economic benefits have positive effects on the behavioral intent to use an outlet shopping center. Second, role performance, prestige, and multi-finality have positive effects on identity salience. Finally, the additive analysis of the direct effects of identity salience-inducing factors shows that the role performance, prestige, and multi-finality factors have no direct effects on the behavioral intent to use an outlet shopping center, suggesting that identity salience plays a positive mediating role. Conclusions - This study informs marketers that not only price but shoppers' identity salience directly affects their intent to visit an outlet shopping center. To strengthen shoppers' identity salience, marketers should find ways to help shoppers fulfill their multiple social roles, realize their multiple goals, and achieve prestige. In other words, outlet shopping centers must improve their personal service environment in order to enhance their employees' service quality and assist the execution of multi-finality by minimizing the perceived costs (e.g., travel time, effort) associated with shopping trips, thus making it easier for consumers to combine visits to multiple stores in outlet shopping centers and buy the items required for their consumption goals. Outlet shopping centers must also offer assortments with both breadth and depth in order to help consumers play the social roles their social networks have given them.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.27-54
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• 2011

This research attempted to present the efficiency of culture marketing to the organizations producing culture-art products and to the companies utilizing art and suggest the practical viewpoints to the culture and art policy agencies. The methodology used was to take an in-depth look at the consumer value cognition and benefits of culture-art products in contemporary consumption culture from a social context by conducting a total of 12 Focus Group Interviews, consisting of 58 males and females in their 10s~50s who can represent culture-art product consumers. The culture-art products refer to the artist's spiritual, actual act of creating or to the end products with economic exchange value. They are also sense goods and merit goods that affect the mental state of consumers. By looking at culture-art products as consumer merit goods, this research examined consumer value cognition of culture-art products based on the characteristics culture-art products. As a result, this research determined that consumers view culture-art products largely as 'aesthetic and sensuous merit goods', 'actual and individual merit goods', and 'social public property'. As 'aesthetic and sensuous merit goods', culture-art products are considered as the products of an artist's creative activities; as 'social public property', culture-art products have a public value in terms of ownership; and as 'actual and individual merit goods', culture-art products act on the spirit and reality of a consumer in terms of consumption. As a result of analyzing the benefits of culture-art products based on the above-mentioned consumer value cognition, it was observed that the benefits of culture-art-product consumption are chiefly divided into 'aesthetic character-oriented', 'social relationships-oriented', and 'individual benefits-oriented' depending on how consumers see culture-art products. A 3-conceptional structures model was constructed according to the relationship between consumer value cognition of culture-art products and the benefits. This research revealed that consumers who pursue the aesthetic value or sense of beauty as the central reason experience culture-art products themselves, enjoy intellectual quests, and pursue their satisfaction by expressing affection for and interests in culture-art products. On the other hand, consumers who pursue social value as the central reason as a means of communication by perceiving culture-art products as a public property of society, pursue sympathy with people close to them through the symbolic power of culture-art product consumption or the joy of self-display. Consumers who perceive art products as spiritual and actual merit goods and pursue consumer value as a central reason want to express their own personality, develop themselves, and differentiate themselves or identify themselves with others in the context of social relations for the ultimate goal of living a happy and satisfied life while pursuing to satisfy imminent and actual necessities as emotional stability and rest. The fact that culture-art product benefits could vary according to how a consumer perceives them implies that consumer value cognition of culture-art products and their benefits significant affect consumers' decision in choosing and consuming various culture-art products. It turned out that such benefits from the consumption of culture-art products reflect the complex contemporary consumption culture of rational consumption, symbolic consumption, experiential consumption, and social reflective consumption. This research identified conceptional structures of consumer value cognition on culture-art products and benefits that can be used for studying and understanding culture-art products consumers who pursue a variety of consumption values. They can also be used by private companies in utilizing art, as well as by national agencies in enhancing the population's quality of life. However, since this research could only conceptually grasp consumer perception of culture-art products and reveal the dimension of classification due to its own limitations arising from characteristic investigation, quantitative data on the benefits of culture-art product consumers should be measured in future studies through a quantitative investigation, while using the value cognition of culture-art products and the individual characteristics of consumers as variables based on this research.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-26
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to identify the consumer factors influencing the channel choice in the brokerage transaction. The 14 consumer factors were extracted from the two perspectives: first, the off-line channel is based on the relational benefits offered by the salespeople, second, the on-line stock exchange is a transaction mediated by the internet technology. The results shows that the channel choice is significantly influenced by the 8 out of 14 consumer factors hypothesized: interpersonal orientation, risk-taking tendency, amount of money invested, price consciousness, time length of internet usage, innovativeness, information privacy sensitivity, intrinsic desire for information. And the results of discriminant analysis shows that three consumer factors-risk-taking tendency, time length of internet usage, and information privacy sensitivity-are most valuable in discriminating off-line vs. on-line customers.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.155-178
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• 2009

The ODR can be categorized into four distinctive types. First type is the asynchronous non-demeanour method. Second type is the asynchronous demeanour method. Third type is the synchronous demeanour method. Fourth type is the synchronous demeanour method. A typical example of the asynchronous and non-demeanour method is e-mail. The example of the synchronous and non-demeanour method is tele conference. The example of the asynchronous demeanour method is video recordings. The example of synchronous and demeanour method is video conference. The primary benefit of e-mail is to avoid the physical violence. But the costs of email is the lack of emotional aspects of disputants. The benefits of tele conference is ease of use, and reduces the negative aspects of face to face communication. but the costs are limitation of the exchange of written information. The benefits of video conference is the approximation of face to face communication by providing oral as well as visual communication. but it is insufficient to represent eye contact. The common limitations of ODR are as follows. First is the lack of human face. Second is the neutrality of arbitrators and mediators. Third is the authenticity of electronic document. Fourth is the digital divide across South and North and generations. Fifth is the cross-cultural communication. The development strategy of ODR is the training and education of arbitrators and mediators in the area of writing skill. Furthermore, it is necessary to supplement the weakness of email via diverse kinds of expressions to show emotions. Finally, it is necessary to train neutrals in the area of cross-cultural communication.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.460-475
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• 2019

Notwithstanding the big potential benefits from interorganizational information systems (IOS), not very many companies have realized these benefits. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, this study proposes a new construct of IOS asymmetry which refers to the asymmetry in information transparency between supply chain (SC) partners. When there is IOS asymmetry in SC relationships, IOS may not facilitate seamless information exchange among SC partners. Instead, IOS asymmetry may result in SC inefficiencies due to a lack of information sharing. The objective of this study is to empirically investigate whether IOS asymmetry exists in practice and whether it influences SC performance negatively. The data was collected from 130 matched pairs of upstream SC partners in manufacturing industries. The results show that IOS asymmetry indeed decreases overall SC performance. Also, the relationship between IOS asymmetry and SC performance is strengthened under the conditions of high environmental uncertainty.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.13 no.1 s.38
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• pp.57-61
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• 2006

Fuel cells are direct current (DC) power generators. They generate electricity through an electrochemical process that converts the energy stored in a fuel directly into electricity. Fuel cells have many benefits, which produce no particulate matter, nitrogen or sulfur oxides. And they have few moving parts and produce little or no noise. When fueled by hydrogen, they yield only heat and water as byproducts. Their wide application can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and foreign sources of petroleum. This paper is studied on a high efficiency power conditioning system (PCS) applied to the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) generation system. This paper is designed to a novel PCS circuit topology of high efficiency. Some experimental results of the proposed PCS is confirmed to the validity of the analytical results.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.1347-1352
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• 2008

The SCW ground heat pump system releases ground energy from the ground water of ground heat exchanger. In other word, ground water is used to heating through releases ground energy which oneself has. But the thermal efficiency of system is going to down because repetitive process of ground water will lost ground energy in standing column well system and if heating load is continually increase, energy of ground water may be frozen or there are no benefits to use ground energy as it owes just little energy. To solve these problems, there are need to exchange water to the ground heat exchanger then the way will be used to maintain Efficiency continually as the way of to be supplied with fresh ground water into ground heat exchanger. However, this type causes waste of ground water. Therefore it is essential to discharge water to outside timely on a heat exchanger. Therefor through a study, find out the best time to discharge water to outside and exchange water to ground heat exchanger, and propose to the DB of design of the ground heat exchanger.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.514-528
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• 2017

This study aims at exploring the transnational care for family members back home among the Nepalese marriage immigrant women in Korea on the bases of some transnational care practices like remittances, virtual intimacy through information and communication technologies, visit to Nepal, and invitation of family members to Korea. This study argues that in order to understand migrant women's care practices properly, Nepalese marriage immigrant women should be considered as 'being in-between' the societies and cultures of Nepal and Korea. This study identifies the characteristics of transnational care practices of Nepalese women are closely related to the role expectation for the eldest daughter as well as whether or not migrant women have children, jobs, and original family member in Korea. Furthermore, this study highlights that migrant women's transnational care practices should be considered as 'reciprocal exchange of cares' between marriage women and their family members rather than one-way benefits going to the latter.