• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 1983

In this studies resistivity thermal expansion and microstructure of the Forsterite Porcelain as a high frequency insulator were investigated. The body containing Zn-glass shows higher resistivity than any other body. The bodies containing K, Ba, Cd-glass respectively consist of fine crystals of mosaic type. The bodies containing Bi, Zn, Zr-glass repectively included more large crystals because of the grain growth and coherence of fine particles In the 4 series Forsterite containing excess MgO 0-6% the thermal coefficients of the bodies increased with the increasing of excess MgO and the bodies have conspicuously high thermal expansion coefficients when 15% excess $BaCO_3$ was added to. The resistivities of additive bodies of $BaCO_3$ 0, 5, 10% in Forsterite containg excess MgO 2% are higher than any other that of composition. Bacause the growing of Forsterite crystals was restrained with the increasing of excess MgO $BaCO_3$ their grain size became fine and their grain boundaries were decomposed and also the glass phase having high refractive inder was increased. The higher the firing temperature increased the more the process of crystal growing was progressed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1989.06a
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• pp.105-106
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• 1989

The effects of pyrochlore phase and micostructure on the dielectric properties. such as dielectric constant, dissipation factor, diffusensess coefficient and dielectric hysteresis characteristics, of Lead magnesium niobate(PMN) ceramics have been studied as a function of the amount of excess MgO. The pyrochlore phase in PMN was completely eliminated with the addition of 5 m/o excess MgO. Also, the dielectric constant and remanent polarization increased with increase in grain size, density and then decreased with grain growth inhibitation for further addition of excess MgO. The diffuseness coefficient showed a tendency nearly reverse to that for the dielectric constant and remanent polarization change.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1996

Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 powder with high purity chemical homogeniety and reactivity was prepared by solvent eva-poration of common solution. The common solution was fabricated using a Pb(NO3)2 Mg(NO)3 and NB solution which was prepared by dissolving NbC in H2O2 acquous solution. In precusor powder prepared by solvent evaporation method the synthetic temperature of Pb(Mg1/3 Nb2/3)O3 phase was lowered. And the formation of homogeneous Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 phase was enhanced but the formation of pyrochlore phase was reduced. The dielectric constant of PMN ceramics from the synthesized powder was found to increase with both sintering temperature and excess MgO and subsequent analysis of the microstructures confirmed that this was due to an increase in grain size. The grain size dependence is explained as a consequence of low-permittivity grain boundaries.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.437-441
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• 1994

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.543-548
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• 1993

Stability and formation of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN) phase synthesized in Li2SO4-Na2SO4 molten salts have been investigated. And powder characteristics of PMN have been studied with a variation of processing parameters such as temperature, time, amount of the salts, and excess PbO. More ratio of Li2SO4 to Na2SO4 influences the percentage of perovskite phase due to the difference of the eutectic point of the salts, but does not influence the powder characteristics. The shape of PMN particles shows faceted morphology with bimodal distribution consisting with large and submicron parts. Particle size of PMN increased greatly with increasing soaking time or amount of salts rather than temperature. The addition of excess PbO resulted in round PMN crystallites without submicron particles. These results are discussed by XRD, SEM and thermal analyses.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

The preparation of 0.9PMN-0.1PT ceramics by the metal alkoxide method and the effect of excess $Mg(OC_2H_5)_2$, $Pb(CH_3COO)_2{\cdot}3H_2O$ are reported. The excess$ Mg(OC_2H5)_2$ addition signficantly affects the rate of perovskite phase formation in 0.9PMN-0.1PT ceramics. The sample by addition of 5 wt% excess $Mg(OC_2H5)_2$ sintered at $1150^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr obtained perovskite single phase and showed 98% of the theoretical density. The dielectric constant of the pellets sintered at $1150^{\circ}C$ was increased by the addition of 5 wt% excess $Mg(OC_2H_5)_2$ and had a maximum value of 15000 at 1 kHz.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.471-476
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• 1994

The influence of TiO2 addition on the sintering and microstructure of magnesia ceramics was studied. An excess amount of TiO2 over the solid solubility limit reacted with magnesia to form Mg2TiO4 compound above 130$0^{\circ}C$. The deviation of lattice parameter of MgO was estimated to be under 0.2% when existence of TiO2 in MgO. The addition of TiO2 markedly promoted the densification of MgO at comparatively low temperature and the sintered density of about 98% of the theorectical was obtained at 150$0^{\circ}C$, 2h. The densification was mainly governed by grain growth of MgO and the effect of Mg2TiO4 existing as a second phase on depression of grain growth of MgO was not exhibited.

• Proceedings of the Korean Ceranic Society Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.141.1-141.1
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• 2000

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.671-677
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• 1993

Effects of PbTiO3 addition on dielectric properties and extent of PbO loss in Nd-doped Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 system were investigated. As the proportion of dopping increased, the phase transition temperature shifted to low region, and the dielectric constant at room temperature decreased rapidly. But as the proportion of PbTiO3 increased, the phase transition temperature shifted to high retion, and the dielectric constant at room temperature increased. The substitution of Nd3+ for Pb2+ decreased the amount of PbO evaporation, therefore the sample sintered well in case of only 1 mole% adding excess PbO.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2010

This study was conducted with the experiment of solubilisation of excess sludge by microbubble ozone process. To improve ozone contact efficiency, microbubble ozones which its diameter were the avearge 30 ${\mu}m$, microbubble size less than 40 ${\mu}m$ occupied about over 90% of all. In treating sludge using microbubble ozones, in case microbubble ozones are injected at microbubble ozone dosage of 0.34 g $O_3/g$ SS or less regardless of sludge concentration, microbubble ozone consumption rate was found to be 100% with no emission of waste ozones. In treating sludges by each concentration, in case the initial SS concentration of sludge is set to 6,447 mg/L, 5,557 mg/L, 3,180 mg/L, 1,092 mg/L and 515 mg/L, the amount of removed SS tended to increase with increase in initial SS concentration for the same microbubble ozone dosage, and treatment of sludge with high initial SS concentration was effective in raising the oxidation efficiency of microbubble ozones. On the other hand, as a result of reviewing acid, alkali and microbubble ozone treatment as composite treatment of sludge, use of acid treatment for the pre-treatment of microbubble ozone was more effective than alkali treatment, and in case of treatment at microbubble ozone dosage 0.05g $O_3/g$ SS with the concentration of sulfuric acid infused in the sludge, the amount of removed SS, 153.9 g, was 1.9 times more than 81.2 g the amount of single treatment of microbubble ozone.