• 무역학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.199-218
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• 2018

국제물품매매 거래에서 불가항력은 당사자의 통제를 벗어나는 상황으로 인해 계약의 불이행이 발생하는 경우 책임소재와 분쟁해결을 위한 계약서의 명시조항으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구는 FTA 특혜관세 적용과정에서 발생할 수 있는 불가항력(예외적인 경우)에 대한 판단기준과 이와 관련된 한·ASEAN FTA와 한·EU FTA 검증과정에서 제기된 사례를 살펴보았으며, 이를 통해 동 FTA를 활용하여 특혜관세 혜택을 향유하고자 하는 무역기업에 다음과 같은 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 먼저 한·ASEAN FTA와 한·EU FTA에서 규정하고 있는 특혜관세 배제조항의 확인과 관세당국의 예외적인 경우에 대한 판단기준을 파악하여야 한다. 그리고 원산지증명서의 유효기간에 대한 유예기준 확인과 수출국 관세당국의 검증결과 회신기준을 확인하여야 한다. 마지막으로 관세당국의 검증결과 회신 미요청 행위에 대한 신의성실의 원칙 위배여부를 확인하여야 한다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.357-369
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• 2006

All over the country tries to clarify the content of 'Public Policy' in recognition and implementation of Foreign Arbitral Awards : it makes comments of the international consensus of Geneva Convention(1927), New York Convention(1958) and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Public Policy, and it takes a general view of domestic laws how they deal with Public policy and Foreign Arbitral Awards. Foreign Arbitral Awards should be appropriately respected and implementation by the courts of countries encourage parties in a legal procedure to refuse enforcement by invoking "Public Policy." In order to cope with such invocations, the purport of the above recommendation on Foreign Arbitral Awards should be internationally recognized and the exceptional circumstances should be restricted unless the International Court of Arbitral Awards is not established a Dr. Holtzmann/Schwebel brought forward. In this paper suggests the list of the exceptional circumstances. Korean Arbitration Law stipulates as the Civil proceeding Law did, "good morals and the social order of the Republic of Korea" as a ground for refusing enforcement of Arbitral Awards. Studies on counteraction against invocations of Public Policy to refuse enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards should be developed.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.39-61
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• 2024

Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) have been implementing the expedited programs that promote the innovative approval of new medications to be used for serious diseases. The authors comprehensively investigated, analyzed, and compared the regulations and guidelines associated with the expedited programs. Methods: The expedited programs for innovative drug development and approval were searched from the homepages of FDA, EMA and MFDS. The detailed information on the regulations and guidelines associated with the programs was comprehensively extracted from various electronic repositories of each regulatory authority. The information on each program was analyzed, categorized, and compared from the points of benefits, applicability with scientific rationale, application procedure, and maintenance. Results: FDA's programs include Fast Track Designation, Breakthrough Therapy Designation, Priority Review Designation, and Accelerated Approval. EMA's regulation implements PRIority MEdicines (PRIME), Accelerated Assessment, Marketing Authorization under Exceptional Circumstances (MAEC), and Conditional Marketing Authorization (CMA). MFDS has a single Expedited Program. These programs are broadly categorized into those that 1) facilitate early and proactive communication with regulatory authorities, 2) shorten the review time after submitting a marketing application, and 3) temporarily approve a marketing authorization under certain conditions. Conclusion: Each expedited program requires a different level and amount of safety and efficacy evidence to be submitted to each regulatory authority. This article will likely provide the comprehensive information on which program provides scientific and regulatory advantages to be taken for innovative medication development.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.3-54
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• 2002

When the ruling of Foreign Arbitral Awards contradicts the public policy of the enforcement state, it can be a ground for a refusal to enforce the ruling. New York Convention V section 2, UNCITRAL section 36, and Korean arbitration law section 36 confirm this principle. The final ruling of international arbitral awards should be respected according to the international convention or the principle of reciprocity, which cancel out the above principle: when the ruling contradicts the country's public policy, it can be refused to enforcement. Since the Helsinki General Convention, ILA have studied upon it and presented the final report and recommendation during the 2002 New Delhi General Convention. In it, firstly, the finality of awards rendered in the context of international commercial arbitration should be respected save in exceptional circumstances. Secondly, every state is recommended the “international public policy”, on which it can refuse to follow the ruling of international arbitral awards, and advised to respect it as far as possible.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.265-271
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• 2021

Four patients with shoulder problems that were traumatic in etiology presented to us with delays in seeking care ranging from 6 to 12 weeks due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown. The care of three cases (a 3-month-old neglected anterior shoulder dislocation with a greater tuberosity fracture in a 30-year old man, a 3-month-old neglected anterior shoulder dislocation in a 17-year old boy, and a 2-month-old neglected greater tuberosity fracture in a 31-year old man) was delayed due to the lockdown and the ensuing travel restrictions, while that of one case (a 6-week-old fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus in a 55-year-old woman) was delayed because the patient was undergoing treatment for COVID-19 at the time of injury. This report intends to present the exceptional circumstances around these cases. The unique treatment challenges and their outcomes are also described to advise the surgeons of the nuances and difficulties in treating these injuries.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.65-87
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• 2015

This article examines the Stay of Enforcement of ICSID Arbitration Award. The effect of the stay is that the award is not subject to enforcement proceedings under Article 54 of the ICSID Convention pending the outcome of the annulment application. The annulment committee must decide the stay, unless the applicant sought the stay with the request for annulment, in which case the ICSID Secretary -General must grant it automatically. This automatic stay -which can only relate to the entire award-remains in force until the committee is constituted and issues a decision on the request for stay. ICSID committees have taken different positions on whether a stay of enforcement is exceptional or not. Some committees have held that because the ICSID Convention explicitly recognizes that the rights of the award creditor could be subject to a stay, stays are not exceptional. ICSID practice shows that most committees have rejected the proposition that the merits and prospects of the application for annulment should influence the committee's decision whether to grant a stay. In addition, ICSID practice regarding the specific circumstances that will justify a stay of enforcement is unclear, and committees have focused on different factors to decide whether to grant a stay such as prospect of prompt compliance with the ward, hardship to one of the parties, risk of non-recovery and irreparable harm to the award debtor. Also, ICSID practice shows that even though the Convention is silent on this issue, committees have generally held that they are empowered to condition the stay of enforcement on the granting of security by the requesting party.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.3-26
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• 2018

This article examines whether parties may agree to contractually waive the right to bring annulment proceedings. Alternately it looks at whether certain grounds of annulment may be waived. The ability for parties to resolve this issue contractually by waiving this element of Article 52(1)(b) ICSID offers a potentially powerful solution. For parties to agree beforehand to the circumstances where tribunals have not 'manifestly exceeded their power' could allow them to remove the unpredictability of annulment on this foundation. Even in the event that an ad hoc committee is against the validity of waiver, it may be possible for a party to frame this restriction as an interpretative agreement by the parties rather than strictly as waiver of a ground of annulment. Ultimately, the wish to enter into such an agreement would likely only be driven by a few exceptional commercial need or prior negative experience with the remedy of annulment. In that cases, and depending on the nature of the specific concern with annulment, a limited waiver or interpretative agreement on certain Article 52(1) ICSID grounds may certainly be appropriate.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.278-290
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• 2020

본 연구는 대학생의 COVID-19로 인한 온라인 학업 경험을 현상학적으로 이해하고, 그 내용을 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 이를 위해 Colaizzi의 분석 방법에 따라 15명의 심층 면담 자료를 분석하였다. 그 결과 참여자들은 눈높이 학습 욕구와 불만족스러운 학업 요인들에의 짜증, 학업 만족도를 높이는 요인들에의 고마움,, 온라인 강의에서의 요인들과 외로운 싸움, 건강관리를 통한 조화 도모 등을 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 학생들의 눈높이 학습이 가능하도록 수단을 마련해야 한다. 둘째, 전달력과 집중력을 높이기 위한 변화를 도모해야 한다. 셋째, 소통을 향한 교수의 노력 및 성실성과 열정은 수업에서 학생들을 감동시킨다. 넷째, 공감적이고 지지적인 수업 분위기를 조성하기 위한 교수-학습자 간의 협력이 필요하다. 다섯째, 코로나가 종식될 때까지 원격 교육의 원칙이 특별한 경우를 제외하고는 고수되어야 한다. 온라인 강의에서의 만족도를 높일 수 있는 구체적인 방법까지 제시한 본 연구 결과는 효과적인 온라인 수업 방향을 설정하기 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2024

Traffic sign recognition is an essential feature of intelligent transportation systems and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which are necessary for improving road safety and advancing the development of autonomous cars. This research investigates the incorporation of the YOLOv9 model into traffic sign recognition systems, utilizing its sophisticated functionalities such as Programmable Gradient Information (PGI) and Generalized Efficient Layer Aggregation Network (GELAN) to tackle enduring difficulties in object detection. We employed a publically accessible dataset obtained from Roboflow, which consisted of 3130 images classified into five distinct categories: speed_40, speed_60, stop, green, and red. The dataset was separated into training (68%), validation (21%), and testing (12%) subsets in a methodical manner to ensure a thorough examination. Our comprehensive trials have shown that YOLOv9 obtains a mean Average Precision (mAP@0.5) of 0.959, suggesting exceptional precision and recall for the majority of traffic sign classes. However, there is still potential for improvement specifically in the red traffic sign class. An analysis was conducted on the distribution of instances among different traffic sign categories and the differences in size within the dataset. This analysis aimed to guarantee that the model would perform well in real-world circumstances. The findings validate that YOLOv9 substantially improves the precision and dependability of traffic sign identification, establishing it as a dependable option for implementation in intelligent transportation systems and ADAS. The incorporation of YOLOv9 in real-world traffic sign recognition and classification tasks demonstrates its promise in making roadways safer and more efficient.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.63-75
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• 2013

회전교차로는 영국, 프랑스 등에서 70년대 이후부터 발전하여 현재 유럽을 비롯한 호주, 미국 등 세계 여러 나라에서 운영되어 관련 연구가 끊임없이 지속되고 있으며, 최근 회전교차로를 적극 도입하고 있는 우리나라에서도 이에 맞춰 적극적인 홍보 및 연구가 계속 되고 있다. 하지만 선행연구들은 회전교차로의 안전성 및 운영 효율성에 관한 연구들이 대부분을 차지하고 있고, 회전교차로 설계지침 및 관련연구에서 명확한 보행자 관련 설치기준 및 영향을 제시하지 않고 있다. 설계지침에서 제시하고 있는 최대 교통량에서 보행자에 의한 영향까지 고려한다면, 첨두시간과 같은 시점에서는 오히려 회전교차로가 비효율적으로 운영 될 수 있다. 즉, 첨두시 이외의 시간에는 회전교차로가 효율적으로 운영 되지만, 특정 시간대에는 차량 통행량 및 보행자 수에 따라 회전교차로의 운영개선을 검토해 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 특정시간이나 첨두시의 교통량 및 보행자수를 가정하여 보행자수에 따른 회전교차로의 접근로별 용량변화를 살펴보고, 보행자 수가 증감함에 따른 회전교차로에서의 보행신호 적용 타당성 및 그에 따른 신호운영 방안을 제시하였다. 현장자료를 이용한 시뮬레이션 분석을 통해 회전교차로 보행신호의 설치효과 및 적용방안을 검토하였고, 보행신호를 적용한 회전교차로의 설치 시, 일반 회전교차로에 비해 지체감소 효과가 있는 것을 확인하였다.