• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.456-464
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors related to prehypertension in Korean adults. The data were collected from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018. The subjects of this study were 3,286 adults aged over 30 years of old. We analyzed risk factors of prehypertension using multiple logistic regression based on complex sample design. The prevalence of prehypertension was 60.8%. As the result, the risk of prehypertension in elderly, current smoking persons, overweight, obesity, hyperlipidemia in triglyceride and HDL cholesterol. And the risk of decreased in health check-up, aerobic physical activity. Therefore, in order to reduce the incidence of prehypertension, it is required to prepare interventions to prevent prehypertension through the adjustment of lifestyle for subjects with risk factors for developing prehypertension.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2008

Purpose: Metabolic syndrome (also known as insulin resistance syndrome) represents a constellation of hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, and obesity. Presently, the influence of various factors on metabolic syndrome was assessed in patients of a university hospital comprehensive medical examination center. Methods: Age, sex, blood pressure, height, weight, triglyceride level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and glucose levels were measured in 67 people (37 males and 30 females). These factors were correlated with tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and exercise habits. Metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity were assessed according to NCEP-ATP III criteria and the Asia-Pacific guidelines (male obesity defined as a waist circumference exceeding 90 cm), respectively. Data was analyzed using t-test, 2-test, and logistic regression. Results: Respective percentages were: tobacco use (14.9% of the 67 people), no tobacco use (85.1%), alcohol consumption (62.7%), no alcohol consumption (37.3%), regular exercise (25.4%), no regular exercise (74.6%). Logistic regression analysis revealed a gender-related odds ratio of 2.3 for metabolic syndrome and no exercise. Conclusions: Weight reduction and physical exercise may decrease the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Early identification of metabolic syndrome and risk factor modification is prudent in cases of obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.519-531
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Regional disparities in dietary factors might be related to regional disparities in cardiometabolic health. Therefore, this study investigated the associations of cardiometabolic risk factors and dietary factors with regional types in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Based on data from the 2007-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the study included 39,781 adults aged ≥ 19 years who completed the dietary survey and a health examination. Healthy and unhealthy dietary factors (fat, sodium, fruit, and vegetable intakes) were evaluated using 1-day 24-h dietary recall method, as well as the use of nutrition labels with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the participants, 48.7%, 36.0%, and 15.2% lived in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas, respectively. Adults living in urban and rural had higher odds ratios (ORs) for obesity (OR for urban, 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01-1.14; OR for rural, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.05-1.24) than adults living in metropolitan areas; these associations were significantly observed in middle-aged adults. Compared to metropolitan residents, rural residents had lower ORs for hypertension in middle-aged (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.96) and metabolic syndrome in older adults (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.91). Regarding urban residents, a lower OR for diabetes in middle-aged adults (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97) and a higher OR for hypertension in older adults (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.02-1.39) were observed. Overall rural residents had higher ORs of excessive carbohydrate, low fruit, and high salted-vegetable intakes than metropolitan residents. Low fruit intake was positively associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension, after adjustment for regional type and other confounders in total participants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that cardiometabolic risk and unhealthy dietary factors differ among regional types and age groups within Korea. Nutritional policy and interventions should consider regional types for prevention and management of cardiometabolic risk factors.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.46-51
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• 2005

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for breast cancer and early screening behavior in women in the community. Method: The participants were 125 women residing in W city. Data was collected using an instrument developed by the researchers. Analysis was done using descriptive statistics, and the $x^2$ test. Result: For risk based on the Gail Model, age (above 50 years) had a distribution of 24.8%, first degree family history, 4.9%, age at first full term pregnancy, 13.8%, and benign breast cancer history, 4.9%. For risk based on other common risk factors, menopause had a distribution of 20.7%, did not breast feed, 15.4%, history of HRT, 7.3%, meat preference, 35.0%, and history of smoking or drinking, 2.4% and 43.5%, respectively. There was a significant difference in BSE and mammography screening behavior ($x^2=22.5$, p<.00), but no difference in distribution of risk factors and screening behavior. Conclusion: For effective prevention of breast cancer, it is necessary to develop an instrument for risk assessment and, through assessment, select women at high risk. It is also necessary to provide education and appropriate recommendations on screening behavior.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.232-241
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• 2008

Moderate alcohol consumption has been known to be associated with reduced risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). We assessed the association between alcohol consumption and CHD-related risk factors [hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) , high total cholesterol, high triglyceride (TG), low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and high LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C)] in Korean. After excluding those with extreme intake values, the number of final subjects included in the analysis was 4,662 Korean adults aged over 20 years (1,961 men, 2,701 women) who participate in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The subjects were divided into four or five groups; none-alcohol consumption group, moderate alcohol consumption group (<15 or 15.0-29.9 g/d), heavy alcohol consumption group (30-69.9 g/d or ${\geq}$ 70 g/d in men, ${\geq}$ 30 g/d in women). Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated from logistic regression adjusting for potential covariates. Alcohol consumption was inversely associated with low HDL-C in both men and women. However, heavy alcohol intake (${\geq}$ 70 g/d) significantly increased risk for hypertension, DM, and hypertriglyceridemia in men. The frequency of alcohol intake was also associated with CHD risk. The risk for low HDLC was decreased with alcohol consumption (${\geq}$ 1 times/wk), but frequent alcohol intake (${\geq}$ 4 times/wk) increased the risk for hypertension. This study revealed that moderate alcohol consumption has protective effect on CHD-related risk factors in Korean population.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1095-1104
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of actual cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, as well as, individual, psychosocial, and work-related factors as predictors of CVD risk perception among Korean blue-collar workers. Methods: The participants were 238 Korean blue-collar workers who worked in small companies. Data were collected through a survey; anthropometric and blood pressure measures; and blood sampling for lipid levels. Results: Blue-collar workers had high actual CVD risk and low CVD risk perception. The significant predictors of risk perception included perceived health status, alcohol consumption, knowledge of CVD risk, actual CVD risk, decision latitude, and shift work. The model explained 26% of the variance in CVD risk perception. Conclusion: The result suggests when occupational health nurses are giving routine health examination in small companies, they can enhance CVD risk perception in blue-collar workers by providing essential information about CVD risk factors and personal counseling on the individual worker's CVD risk status.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.139-146
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the association dining-out frequency, nutritional intake level and health risk factors related to metabolic syndrome among Korean women. The data in this study were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2013 (KNHANES VI). Sample of Korean women (n=3,413), aged over 20 with biochemical, dietary and health screening data, was divided into three groups according to dining-out frequency; "Rarely" (< 1 time / week), "Occasionally" (2~4 times / week) and "Frequently" (${\geq}5times/week$). The results showed that there were significantly different intake levels in energy, water, protein, fat, calcium, sodium and vitamin A according to the dining-out frequency. Each dining-out frequency group was significantly associated to obesity and Low HDL Cholesterolemia. In conclusion, this study found significant association between dining-out frequency, nutritional intake and health risk factors among Korean women. Further studies are necessary to examine subdividing into age and dining-out frequency and health risk factors related to metabolic syndrome among Korean.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.581-588
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of the study si to investigate correlation between metabolic syndrome risk factors and oral health status in workers and to propose the integrated and effective management measures. Methods : Subjects were 4,600 workers in industrial company. Data by medical checkup and oral examination were collected from July 13, 2010 to September 12, 2010. Self-reported questionnaire included general characteristics, job description, smoking, drinking, and metabolic syndrome risk factor indicators. Gingivitis, dental calculus and missing tooth tended to have more metabolic syndrome risk factors. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square test, correlation analysis, logistic regression using SPSS version 18.0. Results : Dental caries revealed 1.146 times higher than the control group. Risk group showed the following results; gingivitis was 1.317 times higher in risk group and 1.612 times in metabolic syndrome. Dental calculus was 1.532 times higher in risk group and 1.557 times in metabolic syndrome. Mssing teeth were 1.976 higher in metabolic syndrome. Conclusions : Metabolic syndrome risk factors had close correlation to poor raol health status. It is necessary to establish the effective plan for the oral health in workers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.223-244
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• 2022

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the relationship between metabolic risk factors, Index of Nutrition Quality, and the dietary quality index score of Korean adults. Methods: The subjects were 18,652 Korean adults aged 19 years or older (7,899 males, 10,753 females) who participated in the 2016-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were divided into normal, pre-metabolic syndrome, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) groups according to the number of their metabolic risk factors. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Results: About 44.7% of men in the MetS group were at least college graduates (P < 0.001), whereas 52.0% of women in the MetS group were middle school graduates or lower (P < 0.001). The frequency of fruit and dairy products intake tended to decrease as the number of metabolic risk factors increased in both men and women (P for trend < 0.001). As the number of metabolic risk factors decreased, the frequency of grain intake tended to decrease in men (P for trend < 0.001) while the frequency of intake of red meat (P for trend = 0.001), poultry (P for trend < 0.001), and eggs (P for trend < 0.001) decreased in women. The total scores of Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) (men P < 0.001, women P < 0.01) and Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) (men and women P < 0.001) were significantly lower in the MetS group compared to the other groups, and the total score of DQI-I and KHEI tended to decrease as the number of metabolic risk factors increased. Conclusions: Dietary quality evaluation using various indices can provide more information on the dietary problems related to metabolic risk factors. Nutrients and foods that have been confirmed to be related to metabolic risk factors can be used to develop dietary guidelines for the nutritional management of metabolic diseases.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.199-206
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Even though the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adolescents is increasing, little is presently known about this syndrome in adolescents. This study aimed to cluster metabolic risk factors as well as examine the associations between identified patterns and nutrient intake using data from the Korean National Health Examination and Nutritional Assessment (KNHANES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 2,958 subjects aged 10 to 18 years along with both biochemical and dietary data information were obtained from KNHANES 2007-2010. Six components of metabolic syndrome were used to identify any patterns via factor analysis. Individuals were categorized into quartile groups according to their pattern score. RESULTS: Three clustering patterns with high loadings were identified and named as follows: 1) high blood pressure, 2) dyslipidemia, and 3) glucose abnormality patterns. The high blood pressure pattern showed high loadings of systolic and diastolic blood pressures, the dyslipidemia pattern showed high loadings of triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol levels, and the glucose abnormality pattern showed high loadings of fasting blood glucose levels. Intakes of fat and riboflavin were significantly decreased, whereas those of sodium and niacin were significantly increased across the quartiles in the dyslipidemia pattern. No nutrient intake except that of thiamin was significantly associated with the high blood pressure or glucose abnormality pattern. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that metabolic syndrome risk factors in the Korean adolescent population are characterized by three distinct patterns, which are differentially associated with dietary factors. Characterizing metabolic risk factors and providing specific dietary guidelines for target groups are important.