• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 2005

Purpose: Submandibular gland tumor is rare, less than 6% of head and neck tumor. The purpose of this article is to analysis the clinical experience and treatment outcomes of malignant submandibular gland tumor, suggesting a guideline of management. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 26 patients who underwent operation for malignant submandibular gland tumor at Severence hospital between 1986 and 2004. Statistical analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier method, log rank test, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test using SPSS v12.0 for Windows. Results: They consisted of 18 males and 8 females whose median age was 47 years(range: 20-71). 10 cases of adenocystic carcinoma, 8 cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma, 4 cases of mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 1 case each for acinic cell carcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, adeno carcinoma, epithelioid hemangioendothelioma. Sialoadenectomy only was performed in 10 cases(36.5%) and sialoadenectomy with neck node dissection was performed in 16 cases(63.5%). Adjuvant radiotherapy was done in 22 cases(84.6%). 10 year disease free survival rate for malignant submandibular gland tumor was 63.1 % and 10 year overall survival rate for malignant submandibular gland tumor was 70.1%. In univariate analysis, prognostic factors affecting recurrence of malignant submandibular gland tumor was initially papable lateral neck node in physical examination and metastasis of lateral neck node in pathologic confirmation. The prognostic factors affecting survival of malignant submandibular gland tumor was tumor size, TNM stage, recurrence and type of recurrence. Conclusion: In this study, prognostic factors affecting recurrence of malignant submandibular gland tumor was initially papable lateral neck node in physical examination and metastasis of lateral neck node in pathologic confirmation. The prognostic factors affecting survival of malignant submandibular gland tumor was tumor size, TNM stage, recurrence and type of recurrence. To prevent recurrence and to improve survival, early diagnosis and aggressive surgery must be considered.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.126-142
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• 1997

For last four or five years, the number of Korean students have gone on increasing awfully. After the year 1997 when they will flow in, our field and government will be undergone a big shock and social problems. Therefore, thorough grasping and the method of provision is expeced to need. 1. The situation, According to the data published from the year 1993 to 1997, their results are great different. But recent Korean embassy in China examined the situation of the Korean students, whose result was investigated as follows: about 1500 persons, their average age is 24 to 44, the ratio of male and female students is 3 to 1, that of their academic background which is a graduate of university : that of college : that of highschool is 1.6 : 1 : 4.7, and that of their class attitude which is direct : common : indirect appears the percents 30.4 : 52.8 : 16.8. 2. The controversial points (1) A lowering of standards on Chinese medical treatment is expected by the imprudent studying abroad without qualification. And because of excessive production of herb doctors, the amount of treatment may be above people's demand. Besides owing to the impossibility of prediction on the number the counterplans of our government may fall into utler confusion. (2) The curriculum, the teaching schedule and contents are so different that the graduates seem not to be given real education of chinese medicine from the point of Korean view. (3) In the wrong national examination, the important thought of china, and the system of WTO in Korea, when China will become mighty rival above problems contain the negative sides. 3. The counterplans - what should be performed soon. (1) Illegal contents about studying abroadl in China ought to inform sidely that students might not go on increasing. Before they form nam-power, the government and the field of chinese medicine should cope with such a situation together. (2) The law of regulation about agents should be legislated and they should be surpervised. (3) The exact numbers of students, their situation, and the present condition of each university should be examined. (4) After investigating the problems of the present system of national test, its enforcement and many counterplans is requisite. (5) The cooperating confrontation with the conference of dentistry is in need. (6) Since the problems are possibility to be developed to diplomatic questions, the effort of both nations is needful. - what need middle of long time. (1) The effort that suppress the more establishment of the college of oriental medicine is necessary. (2) After comparing with the system of foreign test, the government should make the system of test in accord with the mutualism and the principle of indiscrimination among nations and cope with such a many issues thoroughly.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.89-99
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• 2014

The determination of the solar and thermal performance of fenestration is required for the evaluation of fenestration energy performance, estimating building load. Presently, there exist several methods for determining the thermal transmission(U-value) and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of fenestration system. These method are commonly grouped under calculation or experimental methods. While U-value testing and calculation methods have been long established, SHGC has been evaluated only by the method of calculation under the lack of any established testing method. However, it is difficult to assess the exact SHGC for various types of fenestration with sun-shading or other solar control systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interior venetian blind and roll screen on the SHGC of glazing system. SHGC has been evaluated by the KS L 9107 test method and exiting calculation method for precise comparison of the energy performances of various shading devices. In this research, the test sample consists of three different types of double glazing unit with venetian blind and roll screen. Slat angles of venetian blind were changed to $-45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, and$-45^{\circ}$. For the roll screen, measurements were taken with the roll screen in the closed position. In result, the venetian blind reduced SHGC by 21.2~28.4% at $45^{\circ}$, when compared to the double glazing unit. The roll screen reduced SHGC by 34.4~41.7% at closed. The differences between the measured and calculated SHGC were found to range between 0.001(0.2%) and 0.047(11.1%) for all test cases. For the cases of venetian blind $-45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$, the deviation ratio were 3.6~9.8%, 1.1~2.6%, 4.2~11.1%, respectively. For the case of roll screen, the deviation ratio were 4.1~5.7%.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.278-284
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• 2014

Background: Establishment of laparoscopic cholecystectomy as an outpatient procedure has accentuated the clinical importance of reducing early postoperative pain, as well as postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). We therefore planned to evaluate the role of a multimodal approach in attenuating these problems. Methods: One hundred and twenty adult patients of ASA physical status I and II and undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included in this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Patients were divided into four groups of 30 each to receive methylprednisolone 125 mg intravenously or etoricoxib 120 mg orally or a combination of methylprednisolone 125 mg intravenously and etoricoxib 120 mg orally or a placebo 1 hr prior to surgery. Patients were observed for postoperative pain, fentanyl consumption, PONV, fatigue and sedation, and respiratory depression. Results were analyzed by the ANOVA, a Chi square test, the Mann Whitney U test and by Fisher's exact test. P values of less than 0.05 were considered to be significant. Results: Postoperative pain and fentanyl consumption were significantly reduced by methylprednisolone, etoricoxib and their combination when compared with placebo (P<0.05). The methylprednisolone + etoricoxib combination caused a significant reduction in postoperative pain and fentanyl consumption as compared to methylprednisolone or etoricoxib alone (P<0.05); however, there was no significant difference between the methylprednisolone and etoricoxib groups (P>0.05). The methylprednisolone and methylprednisolone + etoricoxib combination significantly reduced the incidence and severity of PONV and fatigue as well as the total number of patients requiring an antiemetic treatment compared to the placebo and etoricoxib (P<0.05). Conclusions: A preoperative single-dose administration of a combination of methylprednisolone and etoricoxib reduces postoperative pain along with fentanyl consumption, PONV, antiemetic requirements and fatigue more effectively than methylprednisolone or etoricoxib alone or a placebo.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.27-33
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• 2018

Purpose: Many researchers have established a connection between sleep disturbances and the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in adults, but there are a few studies targeted at adolescents with TMD. The aim of this study was to analyze the sleep pattern of adolescents with TMD and to determine the effect of poor sleep quality on their clinical symptoms. Methods: The subjects were composed of 47 adolescents with TMD. The sleep pattern and preliminary information of patients were measured by self-reported questionnaires; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Questionnaire for TMD analysis. TMD pain was scored using the Numerical Rating Scale. The Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: The poor sleeping group had statistically more females (25.00% males, 75.00% females) than the good sleeping group. As compared with that of good sleepers, sleep quality of poor sleepers was significantly worse in the items of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep disturbances, daytime dysfunction and global PSQI score. The sleep time of adolescents was much longer during vacation ($7.20{\pm}1.38hours$) than during school days ($6.10{\pm}1.26hours$). Poor sleep of patients was associated with the pain in the ear or in front of the ear, in the face, jaw, throat or temple and in neck or back. Adolescents with pain in those areas had significantly higher proportion of poor sleepers than adolescents with no pain in those areas. Conclusions: The high ratio of girls in poor sleeping group could reflect the greater prevalence of TMD in women than in men. Pain in peri-temporomandibular joint areas, neck or back could negatively influence sleep quality of adolescents with TMD.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.407-412
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the effect of powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display on the subjective and objective oral hygiene improvement. Methods: One hundred and fifteen subjects in healthy or mild gingivitis status between the ages of 20 and 90 were recruited and reviewed for study inclusion criteria. At first visit, 115 pre-screened subjects filled in the questionnaire form which consisted of demographic factors, behavioral factors (smoking, alcohol consumption), toothbrushing habits (brushing time and frequency), self-reported oral health status, and self-satisfaction. Baseline clinical indices (Plaque index, Gingival index) were also recorded by a periodontist. Subjects were instructed how to use powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display, and were provided with it. Thirty days after first visit, 90 subjects returned for the second assessment by self-reported questionnaire form and professional clinical checkup. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-test for the difference between baseline and second visit data. The relationship among variables was examined with chi-square test and Fisher' s exact test. Results: Significant differences were not found on self-reported satisfaction related with sex, smoking, alcohol consumption (P<0.05). Self-reported tooth brushing habit was improved in the aspect of brushing time and frequency. Significant differences were found on the self-reported oral health status, self-satisfaction, and clinical indices between the baseline and second visit data (P<0.01). Clinical indices were significantly reduced after using powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display (P<0.01). No adverse reactions were reported during the study period. Conclusions: Powered toothbrush with a wireless remote display successfully promoted oral hygiene from the subjective and objective viewpoint after 30 days of home usage.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.233-246
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether a MBTI based self growth program had any effect on improving the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of nursing students. Method: The subjects in this study were 56 juniors who were majoring in nursing science at H and S college in Chungnam province. At each college, an experimental group and a control group were organized with 26 and 30 students respectively, and the data were gathered at H college from April 6 through May 14, 2004, and at S college from May 31 through July 3, 2004. A MBTI based self growth program was conducted 10 times for five weeks, twice a week and for 120 minutes each. And the ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment of the selected students were measured and compared to see if that program has any effect on above variables. For data handling, SAS 8.0 program was employed. Fisher's exact test and unpaired t-test were used to confirm whether or not the experimental and control groups were equivalent. Before the experiment, their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustment were tested by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple comparison in consideration of their general characteristics, and paired t-test and ANCOVA were utilized to see if that program brought any changes to their ego identity, self efficacy, interpersonal relations ability and adjustments. Result: The findings of the study were as follows; After the MBTI based self growth program was applied, the experimental groups made a significant progress in ego identity than the control groups. And the experimental groups underwent a significantly change in ego identity after the experiment, compared to the control groups. The experimental groups showed a significant improvement in self efficacy than the control group, and the experimental groups showed significant change in self efficacy than the control groups after the experiment. The experimental group showed a significant progress in interpersonal relations ability than the control group did, and the former groups underwent significant change in that regard than the control groups after the experiment. There was no difference in adjustment between the experimental and control groups. The experimental groups showed significant change in adjustment than the control groups after the experiment, but the difference was insignificant. After this program was implemented, the students underwent changes in self understanding, self accepting, understanding others and accepting others. They also had more confidence and more positive self images, and they were better able to tide over difficulties with others. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that the MBTI based self growth program might serve to enhance the ego identity, self efficacy and interpersonal relations ability of the nursing students and brought inner changes to them. Therefore, the MBTI based self growth program was expected to make a great contribution to the character building of nurses.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.148-157
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• 2015

이 연구는 일개 시 지역에서 환경오염의 가능성이 높은 도심 주민과 특별한 산업 시설이 없는 농촌 주민을 대상으로 설문조사와 피부단자검사를 시행하여, 알레르기비염의 유병률을 파악하고, 각각의 다른 환경이 두 지역 주민의 알레르기비염에 어떤 영향을 미칠 수 있는지를 조사하였다. 정확한 유병률을 구하기 위해서 병원에 방문한 환자가 아닌 일반 지역 주민을 대상으로 하였고, 증상만을 평가하는 설문조사로는 과대평가될 수 있으므로 객관적인 피부단자검사를 병행하였으며, 연령에 따라 알레르기 원인 물질에 대한 감수성이 다르게 나타나고 노출된 기간과 질병 이환율을 고려하기 위해서 연령군을 어린이, 청소년, 성인군으로 나누어 고려하였다. 본 연구에서는 일반적으로 확진된 알레르기비염의 유병률이 도심에서 8.4%, 농촌에서는 6.9%로 차이를 보이지 않았다(8.4% vs. 6.9%). 하지만, 연령에 따라서 어린이, 청소년, 성인군으로 나누어 비교한 결과, 어린이와 청소년에서는 도심과 농촌 간에 유의한 차이가 없음을 보였지만, 성인에서는 도심 지역에서 최근 1년 동안의 알레르기비염의 증상 유병률(30.5% vs. 22.4%)과 확진된 알레르기비염의 유병률(8.2% vs. 3.7%)이 농촌지역보다 유의하게 높은 결과를 보여서 산업화, 도시화로 인한 환경 유해물질이 알레르기비염 유병률에 영향을 줄 것으로 생각이 된다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제35권6_2호
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• pp.1053-1065
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• 2019

신기후체제에 대응하여 정확한 탄소흡수 및 배출량을 산정하기 위해 토지이용 범주별 통계량 산출은 활동자료로서 매우 중요한 자료이다. 본 연구는 효과적인 토지이용 범주별 판독을 위하여 산림항공사진(이하 FAP)에 딥러닝모델을 적용하여 토지이용 범주별 자동화 판독 분류를 한 후 샘플링기법을 통해 국가단위 통계량을 산출하였다. 딥러닝모델에 적용한 데이터세트(이하, DS)는 국가산림자원조사 고정표본점 위치 기반 FAP의 이미지를 추출하여 훈련데이터세트(이하, 훈련DS)와 시험데이터세트(이하, 시험 DS)로 구분하였다. 훈련 DS는 토지이용 범주별 정의에 따라 이미지별 레이블을 부여하였으며, 딥러닝모델을 학습하고 검증하였다. 검증 시 모델의 학습정확도는 학습 횟수 1500회에서 정확도가 약 89%로 가장 높았다. 학습된 딥러닝모델을 시험DS에 적용한 결과, 이미지 레이블의 판독 분류정확도는 약 90%로 높았다. 샘플링기법을 통해 범주별 분류 결과에 대해 면적을 추정하여 국가통계와 비교한 결과 정합성 또한 높아 향후 LULUCF(Land Use, Land Use Change, Forestry)분야 국가 온실가스 인벤토리 보고서의 활동자료로 활용하기에 충분하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.227-234
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• 2015

목적: 본 연구에서는 일반인을 대상으로 죽음준비교육 프로그램이 연명치료중단 및 호스피스 완화의료에 대한 인식에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위해 수행되었다. 방법: 본 연구의 죽음준비교육 프로그램은 총 5주에 걸쳐 진행되었으며 연구 대상자는 서울시 소재 일개구청과 대학교의 협력사업으로 진행한 죽음준비교육 참여자로 실험군 35명, 대조군 40명으로 총 75명이었고 사전 사후 측정은 자가 보고식 설문지를 이용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 결과: 죽음준비교육 후 호스피스 완화의료에 대한 인식은 실험군과 대조군에서 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나 연명치료중단 인식정도는 실험군이 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 결과를 보였다. 결론: 인간은 의미를 추구하는 존재로서 늘어나는 기대수명에 맞춰 삶의 질을 높이려는 욕구 또한 증가하고 있으며 자신의 삶의 마지막을 결정할 권리가 있는데, 본 연구결과는 인생의 마지막 순간에 자신의 삶을 결정하는 것에 대한 이론적 근거가 되었다고 본다. 또한, 일반인들에게 호스피스 완화의료에 대한 인식에 긍정적으로 영향을 줄 수 있는 죽음준비교육 프로그램 개발과 적절한 교육과정과 기간 및 교육방법에 대한 평가연구가 계속되어야겠다.