• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2006

Diffuse pollution from an urban area contributes to the significant pollution loading to a receiving water body. In this paper, rainfall runoffs from an urban basin with combined sewer systems located in the city of Daejeon were monitored to measure the rainfall runoff discharge rates and pollutant concentrations. Strong first flush effects were observed for all monitored rainfall runoffs. The first flush effects were closely related to rainfall intensity, while suspended solids were closely related to pollutant constituents. The observed averaged Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) were 536.1 mg SS/L, 467.7 mg CODcr/L, 142.7 mg BOD/L, 16.5 mg TN/L, and 13.5 mg TP/L. Storage volumes for containing the first flush to improve water quality of the receiving stream can be estimated based on suspended solid concentration. In this study, retainment of the first flush equivalent to 5mm of precipitation could reduce diffuse pollution loading induced by CSOs to a receiving water body by up to 80% of suspended solid loading.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-68
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• 2012

Impervious surface increase due to urbanization, one of the leading causes of pavement increased the runoff coefficient, peak flow, and reducing the infiltration flow and thereby causing flooding and river erosion is occurring in aquatic ecosystems are known to impair. This study aimed to classify use type of detailed land into the road, reststop, tollgates and etc. focused on major domestic highways, to understand the characteristics of rainfall runoff pollutants and to calculate applicable unit pollution load. Because of high runoff coefficient and short travel time to drainage. first flush occurred clearly. Average EMCs of runoff in the highway was investigated as TSS 108.47 mg / L, COD 28.16 mg / L, BOD 13.61 mg / L, TN 6.38 mg / L, TP 0.03 mg / L, Cu 118.17 ${\mu}g$ / L, Pb 345.3 ${\mu}g$ / L, Zn 349.47 ${\mu}g$ / L. Unit pollution loads calculated by detailed land use area of highways based on average annual rainfall, EMCs, applicable basin areas and etc. were 46.6 kg/km2/day of BOD, 1.4 kg/km2/day of TP, 8.81 kg / km2/day of TN and these were BOD 50.8%, TP 66.7%, TN 64.4%in comparison of the unit pollution loads which applies fallow land standards of the TMDL(Total Maximum Daily Load). It was considered that discharged loads can be excessively calculated in case highway non-point management plans based on unit pollution load of the current land standard.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.557-568
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• 2013

In this study, Calculated the nonpoint sources(NPS) load per unit area about various rainy events in vineyard of Nakdong River basin. NPS monitoring and calculation for NPS load per unit area were estimated from 'Investigation method of precipitation discharge(National Institute of Environmental Research, 2007)'. The evaluation of applicability for NPS load per unit by compared with prior research data and Total Maximum Daily Load(TMDL) data. Five target areas were each $2000m^2$, $1800m^2$, $1943m^2$, $2484m^2$, $864m^2$ and located in Gyeongsangbukdo Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbukdo Sangju, Gyeongsangnamdo Hapcheon in Korea. Since fruits were the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater discharge at survey sites could be evaluated independently. A total of 115 rainfall events in the Orchard area during five years(2008-2012) was surveyed, and 38 of them became stormwater discharge. In the Nakdong River watershed, average of event mean concentrations(EMCs) in Orchard area for biochemical oxyzen demand(BOD), Chemical oxyzen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus(T-P) were 2.0mg/L, 10.1mg/L, 3.195mg/L, 0.578mg/L, respectively. NPS load per unit area in Orchard area showed BOD : $2.0kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, COD : $10.2kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-N : $3.220kg/km^2{\cdot}day$, T-P : $0.606kg/km^2{\cdot}day$.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.315-325
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• 2012

The characteristics of stormwater runoff and estimation of unit loads were examined in suburban industrial complex areas. During rainfall event, the peak concentrations occurred within the first 100 minutes after rainfall and then the highest concentration of NPS pollutants sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in suburban industrial complex. The cumulative load curves for NPS pollutants showed above the straight line, indicating that first flush effect occurred in suburban industrial complex. While the mean TSS, BOD, COD, TN and TP EMCs values were shown the highest values as 120.6 mg/L, 20.8 mg/L, 44.0 mg/L, 5.58 mg/L and 1.46 mg/L respectively. Unit loads estimated from the EMCs were TSS $43.86kg/km^2/day$, COD $52.45kg/km^2/day$, BOD $24.79kg/km^2/day$, T-N $6.65kg/km^2/day$, T-P $1.75kg/km^2/day$, and Pb $0.10kg/km^2/day$. Results of unit loads were compared with the unit pollutant loads from land-use in Korea and USA. The unit load of TSS was lower than that of USA. Estimated BOD and T-N and T-P unit loads were lower than that of Korea.

• 생태와환경
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2011

본 연구는 강우 시 농촌지역에서 강우유출수와 함께 하천으로 유입되는 비점오염물질의 유출특성을 파악하기 위해 수행되었다. 유량의 증감에 따른 수질항목의 상관관계는 SS, T-P, $COD_{Mn}$, BOD, TN의 순으로 상관성이 높은 것으로 나타났고, 강우량, 강우강도, 선행무강우일수에 따라 다양한 유출 특성을 보였다. 분석된 결과를 바탕으로 EMC와 SMC를 산정한 결과 SS, T-P는 강우사상에 따라 높은 EMC 농도변화를 보였고 산술평균농도와 EMC를 비교하였는데 대체적으로 EMC가 더 높은 것으로 나타나 유량의 증감에 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났으나 T-N의 경우 영향이 없는 것으로 보였다. 또, 초기유출 특성을 살펴보면 강우 후반부의 강한 강우강도로 인해 초기세척 개념을 적용시키기 어려운 3차 이벤트와 강우량이 적고 강우강도도 약했던 5차 이벤트를 제외한 다른 이벤트에서 초기세척효과가 관찰되었고 SS > T-P > BOD > $COD_{Mn}$ > T-N 순으로 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 그리고 초기세척비율 계산 결과, 초기 유출수의 30%에 가장 많은 오염부하가 발생하고 대부분 입자형태 즉, SS, T-P의 유출이 뚜렷하므로 저류지를 통해 초기 강우유출수의 비점오염물질을 제거하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다. 본 연구를 통해 분석된 결과를 바탕으로 비점오염물질의 유출특성에 대한 다양한 데이터베이스를 구축하여 향후 비점오염원을 체계적으로 관리함으로써 하천 수질을 개선하려는 노력이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2017

In this study, the characteristics of nonpoint source pollutant loads from separate sewer overflow (SSO) and combined sewer overflow (CSO) were evaluated during 2016 in Namyangju city, Korea. Five rainfall events were monitored during 2016 with ranging from 14.5 mm to 121.5 mm. The runoff ratio of CSO was higher than that of SSO because only design volume of maximum sanitary sewer ($1Q_h$) was transported and treated and $2Q_h$ was overflowed to waterbody during rainy day although combined sewer system was designed to transport $3Q_h$ to treatment system. The event mean concentrations (EMCs) and pollutant loads from CSO were higher than those from SSO. BOD and COD of CSO, and TOC and TN of SSO represented distinct first flush phenomena. The inadequate management in combined sewer system from which the untreated $2Q_h$ from CSO was overflowed to waterbody during rainy day could influence on high pollutant loads and first flushing. Treating $2Q_h$ from CSO, source control such as low impact development, and treating outflow from SSO were strongly recommended to control non-point source pollution in urban area.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2011

PADDIMOD2 was deloped to estimate nonpoint source pollution from paddy rice fields. The PADDIMOD2 was enhanced to estimate runoff and pollutant load during non-growing as well as growing season and to be easily used for public by development of Excel based system. Nutrient concentration and hydrology were based on Dirac delta function and continuous source function, and tank model for growing season and Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) and SCS-Curve Number method for non-growing season. The PADDIMOD2 consists of three main component (input data, parameters data, and output data) by including eight Excel spread sheets. As a result of model application, total precipitation and irrigation were 1,051.7 mm and 439.2 mm, respectivley and surface runoff and water loss including infiltration and evapotranspiration were 463.0 mm and 947.9 mm, respectively. Annual nutrient loadings of T-N and T-P from study area were 6.7 kg/$km^2$/day and 0.5 kg/$km^2$/day, respectively. Development of PADDIMOD2 was focused on minimizing input data and maximizing user friendly system and is expected to be useful tool to evaluate various non-structure BMPs and estimate unit load from paddy rice fields for application at Korean TMDL.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.977-988
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• 2012

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff by rainfall type in orchard areas and transportation areas for 2 years(2010~2011year). Effluents were monitored to calculate the Event Mean Concentrations(EMCs) and runoff loads of each pollutant. The pollutant EMCs by volume of stormwater runoff showed the ranges of BOD 0.9~13.6 mg/L, COD 13.7~45.2 mg/L, SS 4.1~236.4 mg/L, T-N 2.123~21.111 mg/L, T-P 0.495~2.214 mg/L in the orchard areas, and was calculated as BOD 2.3~22.5mg/L, COD 4.4~91.1 mg/L, SS 4.3~138.3 mg/L, T-N 0.700~13.500 mg/L, T-P 0.082~1.345 mg/L in the transportation areas. The correlation coefficient of determination in the orchard area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall(0.81) > Total Runoff(0.76) > Rainfall Intensity(0.56) > Rainfall Duration(0.46) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.27). Also, in the case of the transportation area was investigated in the order of Total Rainfall (0.55) > Total Runoff(0.54) > Rainfall Intensity(0.53) > Rainfall Duration(0.24) > Antecedent Dry Days(0.14). As the result, comparing valuables relating to runoff of non-pollutant source between orchard areas and transportation areas, orchard area($R^2{\geq}0.5$ : X3, X4, X5) was investigated to have more influence of diverse independent valuables compared to the transportation area($R^2{\geq}0.5$ : X3, X4) and the difference of discharge influence factor by the land characteristics appeared apparently.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권2B호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2006

최근 들어 오염총량관리제의 시행과 함께 비점오염원 관리의 중요성이 커지고 있다. 오염총량이란 하천수질의 개선을 위하여 도입하였으며 유역이란 개념을 도입하였다. 하천수계로 유입되는 오염물질 부하량은 점오염원 부하량, 비점오염 부하량 및 안전율의 합으로 산정이 되고 있다. 그러나 일반적으로 유역 및 강우 특성에 기인하여 유출되는 비점오염원의 특수성 때문에 안전율을 보통 10% 정도로 두고 있다. 이러한 불확실성은 다양한 요인에 기인하는데, 모니터링을 통한 기초자료의 부족이 가장 원인으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 다양한 비점오염원 중에서 포장율이 높아 오염물질의 유출이 높은 고속도로 지역에서의 오염물질 유출 부하 원단위 산정을 위하여 가장 필수적으로 요구되는 오염물질의 EMC 및 유출부하량 산정을 위하여 수행되었다. 고속도로의 경우, 높은 포장율과 많은 자동차의 운행으로 인하여 건조기간 동안 오염물질들의 축적이 높은 지역이며, 강우시 집중적으로 인근 수계로 유입되기에 비점오염원 관리에서 매우 중요한 토지이용으로 고려되고 있다. 그러나 현재 국내에서는 비점오염원에 관한 기초 연구가 미흡하여 고속도로 등을 포함한 각종 토지이용에서의 비점오염원에 관한 기초 자료의 부족이 매우 심각한 상황이다. 본 연구를 수행하기 위하여 국내 5개의 고속도로 지점에서 모니터링이 수행되었으며, 각 지점별 자동 유량 및 강우량 측정계를 설치하여 자료를 수집하였다. 모니터링 자료는 고속도로에서의 비점오염물질 EMC 및 부하량 산정을 위하여 사용되었다. EMC에 관한 95% 신뢰구간을 살펴보면, TSS의 경우 45.52-125.76 mg/L, COD는 52.04-95.48 mg/L, TN은 1.77-4.48 mg/L 그리고 TP의 경우 0.29-0.54 mg/L의 범위로 나타났다. 부하량에 관한 95% 확신범위는 TSS가 $712.7-2,418.4mg/m^2$의 범위를 보였으며, COD의 경우 $684.1-1,779.6mg/m^2$의 범위로 나타났다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2014

도로는 높은 포장율과 자동차 운행으로 인하여 건기시 다양한 오염물질이 축적되며, 강우시 유출되어 수계에 환경수리학적 영향을 끼친다. 특히 도로노면은 아스팔트 또는 콘크리트로 포장되면서 거친 정도에 의한 오염물질의 축적과 유출정도가 다르다. 따라서 본 연구는 포장 재료에 따른 강우시 비점오염물질 유출특성을 분석하기 위하여 2012년도에 신규 개통한 구간에서 모니터링이 수행되었다. 강우 초기에 비점오염물질이 집중적으로 유출되는 초기강우현상은 포장재료와 관계없이 발생되는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 노면과 자동차 타이어와의 마찰력이 큰 콘크리트 포장에서는 모든 수질오염항목에서 첨두농도가 높게 나타났다. 이러한 영향으로 인하여 TSS, 유기물과 영양염류의 유량가중평균농도(EMC, Event Mean Concentration)도 콘크리트 포장에서 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 도로 포장방법이 수문학적 유출특성, 도로의 물리적 디자인 및 자동차의 운행대수 등과 함께 오염물질 유출에 크게 영향을 끼치는 중요한 인자라는 것을 보여준다.