• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.348-358
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• 1996

Background : Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is responsible for eosinophilia in allergic diseases. In allergic bronchial asthma, there is a correlation between the extent of eosinophil infiltration in bronchial mucosa and IL-5 concentrations. In addition, IL-2 concentration is elevated in the airways and associated with eosinophilia in symptomatic patients with bronchial asthma. In animal studies, IL-2 can induce eosinophilia by increasing the synthesis of IL-5, however, it is still unknown how IL-2 can induce eosinophila in human being. The aim of this study is to evaluation the effect and mechanism of IL-2 on prolongation of eosinophil survival. Methods : After purifiing the eosinophils from the venous blood of allergic patients with eosinophilia, we measured the survival rates of eosinophils using trypan blue dye exclusion test, and the number of eosinophils with Randolp's solution. We compared the survival rates of eosinophils in the presence of IL-2 or IL-5. Neutralizing antibody for IL-5 was added in IL-2 treated eosinophils to reveal whether IL-2 induced prolongation of eosinophil survival was mediated by IL-5. We checked IL-5 m-RNA expression of lymphocytes in the presence of IL-2 by using Reverse transcription-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method to revealed the effect of IL-2 on IL-5 m-RNA expression on lymphocyte. $\alpha$ and $\beta$ IL-2 receptors were measured on eosinophils and lymphocytes with flow-cytometer after stimulated with IL-2. Results : 1) Eosinophil survival rates increased dose dependently on IL-5 and IL-2. 2) The eosinophil survival rates increased by IL-2 were not inhibited by the pretreatment with neutralizing antibody for IL-5. 3) IL-5 m-RNA was not expressed on lymphocytes by the treatment with IL-2 up to 96 hours. 4) IL-2 upregulate the expression of IL-$2R{\alpha}$ on eosinophils, instead of no effect on the expression of IL-$2R{\beta}$. Conclusion: Interleukin-2 had the enhancing effect on the survival rates of eosinophils. The mechanism behind IL-2 induced eosinophilia might be the increment of IL-2 receptors on eosinophils rather than IL-5 synthesis by lymphocytes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.558-567
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• 2000

Background : Recently, serologic techniques for tuberculosis have been developed and some of them, which are focusing on detection of serum antibodies mainly directed against specific 38-kDa Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have already been introduced into the markel. In this study, diagnostic significance of a new serologic test(ELISA kit) for pulmonary tuberculosis was evaluated. Method : Serologic test with newly developed ELISA kit was performed upon 474 individuals, who include 333 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients, 80 healthy cases, and 61 tuberculosis contact cases. This serologic test was based on the ELISA technique and designed to detect antibodies to mixed complex antigens including 38-kDa, which were developed by Erume Biotech Co., Seoul. Active pulmonary tuberculosis was diagnosed by sputum AFB smear and culture methods. Results : The seropositivities using this ELISA kit were 82.1% and 73.6% in smear-positive and negative groups among active pulmonary tuberculosis, respectively. And, it also showed that seronegativities were 97.5% and 85.2% in healthy and contact groups, respectively. As a whole, the results of our study using the ELISA kit as a diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis showed 80.0% sensitivity for active pulmonary tuberculosis, 97.5% specificity, 96.1% positive predictive value, and 65.0% negative predictive value when the prevalence of tuberuclosis in the samples was 60.1%. Conclusion : Our results reveal that the detection of antibody its reaction with 38-kDa antigen of M. tuberculosis is not sufficient to be accepted as single diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis. However, they suggest that ELISA kit may be considered as an adjunctive test to standard diagnostic techniques of pulmonary tuberculosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.68-76
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• 1998

Background: Patients with centrally recurred bronchogenic carcinoma make a complaint of many symptoms like hemoptysis, cough & dyspnea. At these conditions, the goal of treatment is only to relieve their symptoms. High dose rate brachytherapy(HDR-BT) is the palliative treatment modality of centrally located endobronchial tumor regardless of previous external irradiation(XRT) on the same site in symptomatic patients. Methods: We studied the effects of HDR-BT in 26 patients with symptomatic recurrent lung cancer. Patients(male: 24, mean age: 54yrs)were treated with HDR-BT underwent bronchoscopic placement of $^{192}Ir$ HDR after loading unit(Gammamed$^{(T)}$, Germany) to deliver 500cGY intraluminal irradiation at a depth of 1cm every lwk on 3 occasions. Evaluation at base line and 4wks after HDR brachytherapy included chest X-ray, bronchscopy, symptoms (Standadized Scale for dyspnea,cough,hemoptysis), and Karnofsky performance scale. Results: Endobronchial obstruction was improved in 11/26 patients(37%). Atelectasis in chest X-ray was improved in 5/15 patients(33%). Hemoptysis, dyspnea & cough were improved in 5/10 patients (50%), 5/8 patients (62%) & 10/18 patients (56%) respectively. Karnofsky performance status was changed from 76.4 scores in pretreatment to 77.6 scores after treatment. During HDR-BT, massive hemoptysis (2 patients) and pneumothorax(1 patient) were occurred as complications. Conclusion: We concluded that HDR-BT gave additional benefits for the control of symptoms and general performance and endobronchial obstruction & atelectasis. And HDR-BT will be an additional treatment for the recurrent and endobronchial obstructive lung cancer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2000

Background : Pulmonary complications following bonemarrow transplantation (BMT) are common and associated with a high mortality rate. We investigated the yield, safety, and impact of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) for diagnosis of postBMT pneumoniae. Methods : From May 1997 to April 2000, 56 FOBs were performed in 52 post BMT patients for clinical pneumoniae. BMT patients with respiratory symptoms and/or pulmonary infiltrates had a thoracic HRCT(high resolution computed tomography) and bronchoscopic examination including BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), TBLB (transbronchial lung biopsy), PSB (protected specimen brush). Results : The characteristics of the subjects were as follows : 37 males, 15 females, mean age of 31.3 years(l7-45), 35 sibling donor allogenic BMTs, 15 nonrelated donor allogenic BMTs, and 2 autologous BMTs. Fiftynine percent of FOBs (33 FOBs, 31 patients) were diagnostic. Isolated pathogens included the following : 12 cytomegalovirus (CMV) (21.4 %), 7 pneumocystis carinii (PC) (12.5 %), 11 CMV with PC (19.6 %), 2 Mycobacaterium tuberculosis (3.6%), and 1 streptococcus (1.8%). Most of the radiographic findings were diffuse interstitial lesions. CMV pneumoniae had mainly diffuse interstitial nodular lesion, and PC pneumoniae had diffuse, interstitial ground glass opacity(GGO). When CMV was accompanied by PC, a combined pattern of nodular and GGO was present. Of the 56 cases (23.2%), 13 died of CMV pneumoniae (n=2), PCP (n=2),mixed infection with CMV and PC (n=3), underlying GVHD (n=1), underlying leukemia progression (n=1), or respiratory failure of unknown origin (n=4). There was no major complication by bronchoscopy. Only 3 cases developed minor bleeding and 1 episode temporary hypoxemia. Conclusion : Based on our findings, CMV and PC are the major causes of postBMT pneumoniae. In addition, BAL can be considered a safe and accurate procedure for the evaluation of pulmonary complications after BMT.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2018

Teachers are not completed by appointment, but gradually made through self-development and training for a long time. In order to improve a sense of responsibility of home economics teachers, and also to suggest the purpose and direction of program through job training, the needs of training subjects should be preferentially understood. Thus, this study aims to provide basic data for establishing the developmental operation measures of training for home economics teachers, by researching the needs for training performed after the qualification training for first-grade teachers, targeting the teachers participating in the qualification training program for first-grade teachers of home economics in 2017. About the half of the research subjects received the home economics training one time or less for last three years. Through the training for first-grade teachers, the technical improvement of lesson instruction was demanded the most. As professional qualifications that should be cultivated through training, the ability to develop teaching methods and teaching/learning materials was the highest. Regarding the theme of training, the development of teaching/learning materials for home economics was desired the most. They wanted the training method including direct participation with high utilization for lesson, sublation of competition-centered evaluation, preference of instructors with field experience, continuous opportunity of home economics training, and communicative training. Regarding the needs for the 2015 revised curriculum, the demand for the training of 'human development and family' area was the highest. Therefore, in order to improve the professionalism of teachers through home economics training, it would be necessary to improve the educational environment such as temporal room for training and administrative support, and also to provide diverse types of training like group training, remote training, and smartphone app training suitable for changes in the generation of teachers. Also, on top of forming communities of home economics teachers, and sharing great contents of training, there should be individually-customized training for practice and sharing lesson cases.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.1008-1012
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• 2008

Nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI) is famous for its high reactivity originated from its high surface area and it has received considerable attentions as one of the latest innovative technologies for treating contaminated groundwater. Due to its fine powdery form, nZVI has limited filed applications. The efforts to overcome this shortcoming by immobilizing nZVI on a supporting material have been made. This study investigated the differences of resin-supported nZVI's characteristics by changing the preparation methods and evaluated its reactivity. The borohydride reduction of an iron salt was proceeded in ethanol/water solvent containing a dispersant and the synthesis was conducted in the presence of ion-exchange resin. The resulting material was compared to that prepared in a conventional way of using de-ionized water by measuring the phyrical and chemical characteristics. BET surface area and Fe content of nZVI-attached resin was increased from $31.63m^2/g$ and 18.19 mg Fe/g to $38.10m^2/g$ and 22.44 mg Fe/g, respectively, by switching the solution medium from water to ethanol/water with a dispersant. The reactivity of each material was tested using nitrate solution without pH control. The pseudo first-order constant of $0.462h^{-1}$ suggested the reactivity of resin-supported nZVI prepared in ethanol/water was increased 61 % compared to that of the conventional type of supported nZVI. The specific reaction rate constant based on surface area was also increased. The results suggest that this new supported nZVI can be used successfully in on-site remediation for contaminated groundwater.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.165-177
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of senior welfare centers and the cause of differences among senior welfare centers in that regard, and to investigate influential factors for the differences in efficiency and the size of the influence of the factors. What methods would be effective at assessing the efficiency of senior welfare centers by taking into account their circumstances was reviewed, andpost-hoc analyses were made by using data envelopment analysis(DEA) and DAE/AP Modified prosthetic which were useful tools to evaluate relative efficiency. After 20 senior welfare centers located in Gyeonggi-do were selected, their yearly operating data of 2009 were utilized. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficiency of senior welfare centers. The evaluation data released by the Gyeonggi Welfare Foundation were analyzed by DEA, which is one of nonparametric statistics, and it was possible to obtain significant results on the regional operating efficiency of social welfare centers in 14 metropolitan cities and provinces, the causes and degree of their inefficiency and what areas one could refer to. As the data for the counties were utilized in this study, it's not quite possible to produce accurate results on the relative efficiency of senior welfare centers, but this study could be said to be of significance in that it suggested how to evaluate the overall operating efficiency of senior welfare centers in the counties involving the degree of their operating inefficiency, what improvements should be made and what reference groups there might be and provided information on the usefulness of the DEA model.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2002

Purpose: Ga-67 scintigraphy has been used for the evaluation of tumors, especially lymphoma. Recently, Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI were also used to tumor imaging. Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI had better physiologic characteristics than Ga-67, so we studied 32 biopsy proven lymphoma patients (male 24, female 8, mean age 46 years) with Ga-67, Tl-201 or Tc-99m MIBI and compared the scan findings. Materials and Methods: Twenty-three of 32 patients were injected 74-111 MBq (2-3 mCi) of Tl-201, before chemotherapy and imaged with dual-headed SPECT (Prism 2000, Picker, USA) at 30 minutes after injection. Delayed images were obtained after 3 hr in 8 patients. Twenty seven of 32 patients were injected 740 MBq (20 mCi) of Tc-99m MIBI and imaged at 30 minutes after injection. 111-185 MBq (3-5 mCi) of Ga-67 was injected in 12 patients and imaged at 48 and 72 hours after injection. Twenty eight patients were diagnosed as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and others were Hodgkin's lymphoma. Results: Twenty patients were positive on Tl-201 scan and 3 patients showed negative findings. One of these 3 patients, Tc-99m MIBI and Ga-67 scan were positive. Twenty two patients were positive on Tc-99m MIBI scan and 5 patients showed negative findings. One of these 5 patients, Tl-201 was positive and 2 were positive on Ga-67 scan. Ten of 12 patients showed positive findings on Ga-67 scan. The sensitivity of these agents were 83.3%, 87.0% and 81.5% for Ga-67, Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI, respectively. The sensitivity was highest in Tl-201 scan, but there were no significant differences among three tests. In this study, there was no significant difference of uptake ratios between early and delayed images of Tl-201. Conclusion: Scintigraphy with Tl-201 and Tc-99m MIBI in lymphoma patients have similar sensitivity with Ga-67.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.232-238
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• 2013

Purpose : We investigated the possible added value of magnetic resonance imaging (MR) in staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) compared to computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 20 patients (M;F = 14:6; mean age, 53.5 yrs) who diagnosed as MPM by histology and underwent CT and MR at initial evaluation from Jan 1997 to Dec 2012. Two radiologists performed clinical staging by using CT alone or MR alone in consensus. In patients underwent surgery (n = 13), we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of CT and MR in terms of staging compared to surgical staging. In all patients, we compared clinical staging of CT only and CT with MR. Results: The diagnostic accuracy for T staging of CT only was 23.1% (3/13) and that of combined CT and MR was 38.5% (5/13), respectively. Among 13 patients underwent surgery, surgical stage was higher than combined CT and MR stage in 5 patients, but lower in 3 patients. CT only and combined CT and MR agreed in 85.0% (17/ 20). In cases of disagree (15.0%, 3/20), combined CT and MR showed higher stage than CT only. Conclusion: Combined CT and MR increases the diagnostic accuracy in staging of MPM compared to CT only and is important in determining the appropriate treatment in patients being considered for surgery.