Objective : Though the operating microscope (OM) has been the standard optical system in neurosurgery, a new technology called three-dimensional (3D) exoscope has emerged as an alternative. Herein, two types of 3D exoscopes for brain tumor surgery are presented. In addition, the advantages and limitations compared with the OM are discussed. Methods : In the present study, 3D exoscope VOMS-100 or VITOM 3D was used in 11 patients with brain tumor who underwent surgical resection; the Kinevo 900 OM was used only in emergency. After completion of all surgeries, the participants were surveyed with a questionnaire regarding video image quality on the display monitor, handling of equipment, ergonomics, educational usefulness, 3D glasses, and expectation as a substitute for the OM. Results : Among 11 patients, nine patients underwent neurosurgical resection with only 3D exoscope; however, two patients required additional aid with the OM due to difficulty in hemostasis. Regarding video image quality, VITOM 3D was mostly equivalent to the OM, but VOMS-100 was not. However, both 3D exoscopes showed advantages in accessibility of instruments in the surgical field and occupied less space in the operating theater. Differences in ergonomics and educational usefulness between the exoscopes were not reported. Respondents did not experience discomfort in wearing 3D glasses and thought the exoscopes could be currently, and in the future, used as a substitute for the OM. Conclusion : Although many neurosurgeons are not familiar with 3D exoscopes, they have advantages compared with the OM and similar image quality. Exoscopes could be a substitute for OM in the future if some limitations are overcome.
It was increased leisure hours by automation and computerization of industry. Many people spend on hours in enjoying leisure sports, and then. nowadays, Many women tend to prefer casual wear to formal suits. The purpose of this research was to design of outdoor-wear that improve the functional and aesthetic effects for clothing comfort. Total 4 design prototype consisting of jumper and slacks were developed for this research. Outdoor-wear design forced on armhole type of jumper and ease of the back crotch length of slacks to improve the functional and aesthetic effects. And Outdoor-wear design focused on color harmony to aesthetic effects. Ease amount and materials of jumper and slacks were controlled. Design A: Jumper was designed as dropped shoulder with set-in steeve and band collar, A break-away zipper to facilitate ventilation control were made the area of back of jumper and the area of outside seam line of slacks Color of jumper and slacks were olive green color. Ease amount of the crotch length of slacks pattern was constructed as 7% of total crotch length: Design B 4DM cut pattern were applied to the jumper and slacks pattern. A break-away zipper to facilitate ventilation control were made the area of back of jumper and the area of inside seam line of thigh. Color of jumper and slacks were grey and orange color. Ease amount of the crotch length of slacks pattern was constructed as 5% of total crotch length. Design C : Jumper was designed as the set in sleeve and hood. and A break- away zipper to facilitate ventilation control were made the ares of the armhole and elbow. Color of jumper and slacks were ivory and orange color. Ease amount of the crotch length of slacks pattern was constructed as 5% of total crotch length. Design D : Jumper was designed as raglan sleeve. Color of jumper and slacks were olive green color. Ease amount of the crotch length of slacks pattern was constructed as 5% of total crotch length. Total six females, ages 20-45, served as subjects for this research. Subjects have standard body type, generally, wearing 66 size of ready-to-wear clothing. The performance of the newly designed outdoor-wear was evaluated for their effectiveness in several aspects such as conditions of skin temperature, sensory evaluation of comfort during body movements, appearance and color harmony and aesthetic collar design. Design 3 was appeared to be the most positive in aesthetic evaluation and functional effects of design 2 of 4DM cut pattern was appeared to be beter than other designs.
Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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v.27
no.6
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pp.832-841
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2013
This research, as a basic preliminary study for development of functional health food, is aimed at assessing the body fat reduction effect and for application to human body for such reduction in actual clinical settings by preliminary extraction of 2 types of wild edible greens, Lythrum salicaria L. and Aceriphyllum rossii. Subjects over the age of 19 and less than 60 years old with BMI value range of $23.0kg/m^2{\sim}29.9kg/m^2$ were recruited through screening were divided into experimental group and control group, each with 25 subjects, through randomized allocation. With both patients and evaluators wearing blindfold, the experimental group was orally administered with 4 capsules of 500mg of composite preparation containing the extracts of Lythrum salicaria L. and Aceriphyllum rossii 3 times a day for a period of 8 weeks while the control group was orally administered with 4 capsules of 500mg of placebo (fake food) with the same appearance as the preparation administered to the experimental group 3 times a day for a period of 8 weeks. After having carried out evaluation on physical examinations (body weight, BMI and body fat ratio, etc.), laboratory tests (general blood test, biochemical test of blood and urine test), lipid test, the changes were analyzed. There was no significant change between the 2 groups and within the groups in BMI and body fat ratio, which are the primary effectiveness evaluation at each time. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in serum lipid and WHR, obesity related KOQOL, KEAT-26 which are the secondary effectiveness evaluations. There was no change between the 2 groups and within the groups in vital sign, CBC, BC and urin test. These results suggest that Lythrum salicaria L. and Aceriphyllum rossii ext. showed no significant reduction in BMI, body fat ratio and serum lipid. Additional confirmative clinical application test is needed in the future.
Cho, Kee Hong;Kim, Hyun Soo;Choi, Ah Rum;Chun, Ji Young;Kang, Tae Won;Kim, Min Su;Park, Kyeong Hak;Kim, Ze One
Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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v.32
no.2
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pp.146-152
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2022
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to confirm whether there is a factor to affect the evaluation of fit test of a 2nd class half masks using a OPC test method. Methods: Total 34 adults including Males and Females were tested using OPC-based fit testing equipment while wearing a 2nd class half filtered mask. Results: 1. The result of measuring face dimensions using different tools such as a 3D scanner and digital calipers revealed that the variation of lip width was not statistically significant because there was only a difference of about 4 mm. However, it showed that a difference in face length was statistically significant enough with 10 mm(p<0.000). 2. The fit factor for each exercise stage according to gender was the highest at 124.54(p<0.001) in Step 3, and the fit factor was the lowest at 73.75 in Step 1. 3. In the evaluation of the degree of fit factor according to gender, female passed 67.44%, which was higher than the value in male(p<0.038). 4. The acceptance rate of the group having a face length of shorter than 110 mm was 91.67%. On the other hand, the acceptance rate of the group with a face length of longer than 110 mm was 47.27%(p<0.000). 5. The fit test was possible because the fit factor with 2nd class half masks corresponding to FFP1(Filtering Face Piece 1) was passed 55% or more. Conclusions: The test results showed that using a 2nd class half filtered mask, it is important to wear a properly designed mask so that face size does not affect the fit factor.
This study attempted to determine the optimal algorithm after quantitatively analyzing noise, SNR, and CNR measurements by reconstructing four algorithms (Standard, Soft, Bone, and Detail) from head and neck CT images of patients who underwent implant surgery. As an analysis method, pixel values were calculated through the region of interest in the reconstructed image using the Image J program. For noise, SNR, and CNR, the region of interest was measured at the location of the pharynx, masseter muscle, and parotid gland in the image, and the mean and SD values were obtained. The values of SNR and CNR were calculated based on the given formula. As a result, the standard algorithm showed the lowest noise and the highest SNR. CNR was highest in the Soft algorithm, but showed no significant difference from the Standard algorithm. Therefore, it is believed that the Standard algorithm is the optimal algorithm for examining patients wearing intraoral implants in head and neck CT examinations. We hope that the data from this study will be used as basic data for image evaluation in head and neck CT examinations, and that the quality of images will be further improved through various algorithm changes. It is believed that this will be an opportunity to do so.
The 18~20G needle is used to computer tomography (CT) contrast examination. Therefore, a patient has to apply a self-administering hemostasis (conventional method: CM) and often experience bleeding in the course. Thus, we developed the new disposable transparent tourniquet (TT) for reducing. This study was to compare the usefulness between the proposed transparent tourniquet and the existing hemostatic methods. A Satisfaction survey was conducted by 50 patients and 25nurses. The survey contained the satisfaction of the convenience, safety, sanitation, and wearing sensation of transparent tourniquet. We employed face-to-face interview on 5 points likert scales. And Chi-square, paired T-test were used for the statistics verification. As for the patients, the satisfaction levels were measured for each category with the gender, age. Patients evaluation, overall satisfaction high average sore used TT and there were statistical significance by paired T-test(p<0.05). The following is the average satisfaction level for each category: $4.4{\pm}0.53$ in; $4.28{\pm}0.57$ in safety; $4.52{\pm}0.54$ in sanitation; $4.16{\pm}0.54$ in wearing sensation. So the overall satisfaction level is measured at $4.34{\pm}0.51$. As for the nurses, CT work experience and the current satisfaction with tourniquet were counted as variables. The satisfaction level for each category is: $3.8{\pm}0.7$ in; $3.6{\pm}0.68$ in safety; $3.4{\pm}0.5$ in sanitation; $3.9{\pm}0.49$ in hemostasis. The overall satisfaction level is $3.8{\pm}0.3$. Patients' satisfaction levels were very high with little difference among variables. Nurses' satisfaction levels were different with the TT depending on their work experience but their overall satisfaction was high. This TT will be a starting point to minimizing patient's inconvenience and more studies are necessary to enhance their satisfaction.
Kim, Young-Kyu;Chae, Sung-Wook;Lee, Seung-Woo;Yoo, Tae-Seok
International Journal of Highway Engineering
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v.9
no.4
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pp.117-127
/
2007
The exposed aggregate PCC(EAP) pavements have been successfully used in Europe and Japan as low-noise pavements. Coarse aggregate are exposed on the pavement surface texture of EAP by removing mortar of surface. The pavement surface texture should maintain not only low-noise characteristic but also adequate skid resistance level during the performance period. Skid resistance decreased with wearing and polishing of tire and pavement surface due to the repetition of tire-pavement contact. Since the tires mainly contact the exposed coarse aggregate, the shape and rock type of coarse aggregate significantly influence wearing and polishing of EAP pavements. The test for resistance to abrasion coarse aggregate by use of the Los Angeles machine(KS F 2508) and the method of test for resistance to abrasion coarse aggregate by use of the Accelerated Polishing Machine(ASTM D 3319-90) are generally used to evaluate polishing characteristics of aggregate. In this study, polishing of coarse aggregate of different five rock types were evaluated by KS F 2508(LA abrasion test) and ASTM D 3319-90(PSV method). The results of LA abrasion test and PSV method were contrary to each other. Since LA abrasion test is estimated the quantity of abrasion by the impact of aggregate, it may not be adequate to evaluate the polishing of aggregate by the repetition of tire. In the case of PSV method, the resistance of polishing is estimated the skid resistance variation of polished aggregate after repetition of tire. The PSV method is adequate for the evaluation on polishing of coarse aggregate. From the test results of PSV method, it was founded that rock type, specific gravity, coarse aggregate angularity, flat or elongated particles in coarse aggregate are significant to the resistance characteristic of coarse aggregate.
Tissue conditioners have been used for treatment of denture stomatitis caused by wearing of dentures. Early studies pointed out Candide albicans (C. albicans) as main etiologic factor, and antifugal agents were added for control of the species. But there is a little information about broad comparison on the effect of tissue conditioners and antifungal agents added. The purpose of the present study was to compare the inhibiting effect of four tissue conditioners and one temporary soft liner on the growth of C. albicans for treatment of denture stomatitis using gel diffusion method by measuring diameter of the zone of growth inhibition. Three antifungal agents were added to each material for evaluation of the effect of added agents. Finally, observation was made to evaluate the effect of the loss of antifungal elements by aging of the specimen. The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. Tempo had remarkable antifungal effect showing the zone of growth inhibition as 2.35 mm at 1st day, and was most effective on End: 4th and 7th day from incubation (p<0.05). But Coecomfort, Dura conditioner, Visco-gel, Coe-soft had little antifungal effect from the 1st day of incubation. 2. Nystatin was most effective showing 9.60-12.04 mm of zone of inhibition at the 1st day from incubation. The antifungal properties were reduced to amphotericin B, chlorhexidine and materials without agent (p<0.05), and the effect was diminished by time. 3. As pretreatment with amphotericin B, nystatin, chlorhexidine, Tempo was very effective at the 1st day from incubation showing zone of inhibition as 3.65, 12.04, 4.78 mm with addition of each agent. Dura conditioner had strongest antifungal effect at the next day as 2.86, 5.33, 1.29 mm of zone of inhibition, and yielding results of Coe-comfort, Tempo, Coe-soft was shown at 4th and 7th day from incubation (p<0.05). Taken all together, tissue conditioners have little antifungal effect except Tempo. Formation of the zone of growth inhibition was due to agents amphotericin B, nystatin, chlorhexidine and nystatin was most effective. Conclusively, it is advisable to select material which is effective on the growth of C. albican and consider addition of antifungal agents for treatment of denture stomatitis.
Distal-extension removable partial dentures have long been implicated in the increase in mobility and the destruction of the supporting structures of the primary abutment teeth. Various clasping systems have traditionally been used to retain distal extension removable partial dentures, and other designs have been proposed to minimize torquing forces on the abutment teeth. Most recent studies investigating the effects of removable partial dentures on abutment teeth have been performed in it laboratory setting. Results obtained from in vitro research have given dentists insight into removable partial denture design, but laboratory test model cannot be constructed that simulates actual functional or parafunctiona1 movements and forces. The purpose of this study was to clinically evaluate the degree of tooth mobility produced by two clasping systems (suprabulge type and infrabulge type) used for distal extension removable partial dentures. Akers clasp and R.P.I. system were selected for the evaluation, and four patients required a distal extension removable partial denture on the mandibular arch were selected for participation in the study. Two partial dentures were constructed in the same condition expect the design of clasp. All abutments in the study were mandibular first or second premolars. Measurements of mobility were made with a research tool designed by $M\"{u}hlemann$. This instrument, periodontometer, measures tooth mobility in the mouth by means of a dial gauge accurated to 0.01mm when the tooth is stressed with a force meter. Lingual and buccal deflection of abutment tooth was measured using buccal and lingual pressure. The amount of force applied was 500gm. Tooth mobility tests were made at four key stages; 1. Before insertion of the first removable partial denture, baseline mobility was establsihed. 2. After wearing of the first prosthesis, measurement was made at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. 3. The removable partial denture was then taken from the patient, and tooth mobility was measured again at weekly intervals until the patient's established baseline mobility had returned. 4. The second prosthesis of different clasp design was worn for a month and evaluated in the same manner as the first. The sequence of placement of clasping system was alternated between patients. The following results were obtained from this study; 1. The mobility of abutment tooth increased during the initial stage of wear and returned to baseline mobility after removal of removable partial dentures. 2. The mobility of abutment tooth showed no difference between Akers clasp and I-bar clasp during the 4-week test period. 3. All teeth tested showed greater mobility toward the buccal than the lingual direction.
Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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v.31
no.6
s.165
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pp.974-984
/
2007
The purpose of this study was to find differences in evaluation criteria and to find differences in preferred images based on benefits segmented groups of jeans products consumers. Male and female Korean university students participated in the study. Quota sampling method was used to collect the data based on gender and a residential area of the respondents. Data from 492 questionnaires were used in the analysis. Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc test were conducted. As a result, respondents who seek multi-benefits considered aesthetic criteria(e.g., color, style, design, fit) and quality performance criteria(e.g., durability, ease of care, contractibility, flexibility) more importantly when evaluating and purchasing jeans products. Respondents who seek brand name considered extrinsic criteria(e.g., brand reputation, status symbol, country of origin, fashionability) more importantly than respondents who seek economic efciency. Respondents who seek multi-benefits such as attractiveness, fashion, individuality, and utility tend to prefer all the images: individual image, active image, sexual image, sophisticated image, and simple image when wearing jeans products. Respondents who seek fashion are likely to prefer individual image, and respondents who seek brand name more prefer both individual image and polished image. Mean while, respondents who seek economical efficiency less prefer sexual image and polished image.
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