• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.240-249
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• 2020

This study reviews studies that used skin temperature in order to establish an emotion evaluation protocol based on skin temperature for home appliances. A survey of skin temperature evaluation papers was conducted by the following five stages: (1) keyword search, (2) title screening, (3) abstract screening, (4) full paper screening, and (5) relevance evaluation. Selected papers were reviewed for: purpose, recruitment criteria of participants, the number of participants, apparatus, procedure, measures, analysis methods, and major findings. Thermistor sensors and thermography are used for the measurement of skin temperature. Skin temperature sensors are attached to 4 - 10 locations on the body and their mean of skin temperature is calculated by Ramanatan's 4-point or Hardy & Dubois's 7-point method. Semantic differential (SD) method and thermography measuring facial surface temperature have been used for emotion evaluation. The SD method provides a set of adjective pairs related to a product and evaluates changes in emotion from the use of the product. The range of facial surface analyzed is defined in the thermal image and temperature changes before and after the evaluation are analyzed. The evaluation items of home appliances include form, color, material, aesthetics, satisfaction, novelty, convenience, pleasantness, and excellence. Many existing emotion studies using skin temperature do not apply physiological and psychological methods. This study provides basic data to establish a skin temperature and emotion evaluation protocol by examining literature for skin temperature and evaluation of sensitivity.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.35-46
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• 2002

In this study, emotion changes were induced by four imaginations- pleasantness, unpleasantness, arousal, relaxation and it was examined using subjective evaluation and analysis of the physiological signals of the central and autonomic nerve systems whether the intended emotions were appropriately achieved, and whether these emotion changes could be distinguished from the analysis of physiological signals. Each of the four imaginations was implemented on 32 subjects for 30 seconds, while that Electroencephalogram (EEG), Eelectrocardiogram (RSP) were measured, and a subjective evaluation was implemented following the completion of the measurement. The analysis of the subjective evaluation revealed that the subjects underwent the four clearly differentiated imaginations, and the pleasantness level was classified into four imagination stages, pleasantness>relaxation>arousal=comfort>unpleasantness, and arousal level was classified into four imagination stages in the order of arousal>unpleasantness${\approx}$pleasantness>comfort>relaxation. The analysis of the EEG revealed that three stages of pleasantness level, pleasantness>relaxation=arousal=comfort>unpleasantness were classified from the values of ${\alpha}/{\alpha}+{\beta}\;and\;{\beta}/{\alpha}+{\beta}$, and about tour distinguishable stages of arousal level were obtained from the autonomic nervous system responses following the order of arousal>unpleasantness${\approx}$pleasantness> comfort> relaxation. It was found that intended emotion could be induced from the imagination, and these induced emotion changes could be differentiated using the physiological signals of the EEG and autonomic nervous system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1997.11a
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• pp.91-94
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• 1997

Objective of this stuey was to find the corrdlation between emotiona changes and the parameters of HRV spectrum evoked by tactile stimualtion. Twenty-one subjects were useds and five different types of materials, dry cottn, wet cotton, paper, sandpaper, and vinyl were applied to the left hand of each subject as a tactile stimulation. The results showed that HF/LF(ratio of high to low frequency amplitude calculated from power spectrum of HRV) decreased as the subject experienced the unpleasant emotion caused by wet cotton and sandpaper. On the othr hand, when the subject experienced the comfort, HF/LF increased. It was concluded that the proprsed methods can be applied to evaluate the characteristic changes in the autonomic nervous system which regulates the human emotion in the psychological aspects.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.182-185
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• 2001

본 연구에서는 쾌, 불쾌, 긴장, 이완의 네 가지 상상을 통해 감성의 변화를 유도하였고, 생리 신호 분석을 통해 감성의 변화를 변별하고자 하였다. 20명의 피험자를 대상으로 네 가지 상상을 각각 30초씩 수행하게 하면서 EEG, ECG, GSR, PPG, RSP, Skin-Temperature를 각각 측정하였고 측정 종료 후 주관적 평가를 실시하였따. 주관적 평가 분석 결과, 피험자는 뚜렷이 구별되는 네 가지 상상을 한 것으로 나타났고, 쾌도는 “쾌 > 이완, 긴장 > 불쾌” 상상 순서의 3단계로, 긴장도는 “긴장 > 불쾌, 쾌 > 이완” 상상 순서의 3단계로 뚜렷이 구별되었다. EEG 분석 결과에서는 쾌와 불쾌, 쾌와 이완 상상 사이에서만, 자율신경계 반응 역시 약 2.5 단계의 긴장도 감성 변별이 가능하여 정확한 3단계의 감성 변별에는 어려움이 있었다. 그러나 향후 비선형 분석법을 적용하고 피험자 수를 증가시킨다면 생리 신호 분석을 통한 감성 변별 민감도를 증가시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구로부터 쾌/불쾌와 긴장/이완의 2차원의 감성 영역의 각 축을 EEG와 자율신경계의 생리 신호를 통해 변별할 수 있다는 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 2001

Psychological and physiological effects from simulator sickness could be an important bias factor for sensibility evaluation. The present experiment investigated the effects of simulator sickness on sensibility evaluation in the controlled condition of driving a car for 60 minutes on a constant speed (60km/h) in graphic simulator. The simulator sickness was measured and analysed for every five minutes using their subjective evaluation and physiological signals. Results of the subjective evaluation showed that there was significant difference between rest and driving condition at 10 minutes from the start of driving, and the level of difference was increased linearly with time. The analysis on central and autonomic nervous systems showed the significant difference between rest and driving conditions after 5 minutes from the start of the driving on the parameters $\alpha$/total and $\beta$/total, and increased level of sympathetic nervous system. But there was no significant difference between different time conditions. The results indicates that physiological changes from simulator sickness can be a bias factor in objective evaluation of human sensibility which also, uses physiological signals. That is, the changes on the parameter $\alpha$/total and $\beta$/total, and on activation level of sympathetic nervous system from simulator sickness can be a bias factor for evaluation of the level of pleasantness and tension. Therefore the effort on improving the analysis by minimizing or eliminating the bias factors should be done for better and accurate sensibility evaluation in simulator environments.

• Archives of design research
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• v.20 no.2 s.70
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• pp.5-16
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• 2007

The main objective of our research is analyzing user's emotional changes while using a product, to reveal the influence of usability on human emotions. In this study we have extracted some emotional words that can come up during user interaction with a product and reveal emotional changes through three methods. Finally, we extracted 88 emotional words for measuring user's emotions expressed while using products. And we categorized the 88 words to form 6 groups by using factor analysis. The 6 categories that were extracted as a result of this study were found to be user's representative emotions expressed while using products. It is expected that emotional words and user's representative emotions extracted in this study will be used as subjective evaluation data that is required to measure user's emotional changes while using a product. Also, we proposed the effective methods for measuring user's emotion expressed while using a product in the environment which is natural and accessible for the field of design, by using the emotion mouse and the Eyegaze. An examinee performs several tasks with the emotion mouse through the mobile phone simulator on the computer monitor connected to the Eyegaze. While testing, the emotion mouse senses user's EDA and PPG and transmits the data to the computer. In addition, the Eyegaze can observe the change of pupil size. And a video camera records user's facial expression while testing. After each testing, a subjective evaluation on the emotional changes expressed by the user is performed by the user him/herself using the emotional words extracted from the above study. We aim to evaluate the satisfaction level of usability of the product and compare it with the actual experiment results. Through continuous studies based on these researches, we hope to supply a basic framework for the development of interface with consideration to the user's emotions.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.33
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• pp.403-423
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• 2013

Video images of emotional happiness or unhappiness, stress or emotional division of tranquility in the form of a tree is evaluated by weighting. Representative evaluation of the video image brightness contrast sensitivity ratings 1 car happy, unhappy or nervous, calm and refined with two car dependency, sensitivity to visual images are separated. Emotion Recognition of four compared to the numerical data is measured by brightness. OpenCV implementation through evaluation graph the stress intensity contrast, tranquility, happiness, unhappiness with changes in the value of four, separated by sensitivity to computing. Contrast sensitivity of computing the brightness according to the input value 'unhappy' to 'happy' or 'stress' to 'calm' the emotional changes are implemented. Emotion computing the regularity of the image to calculate the sensitivity localized computing system can be controlled according to the emotion of the contrast value of the brightness changes are implemented. The future direction of industry on the application of emotion recognition will play a positive role.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.79-82
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• 2009

Movies are not only for projecting graphical contents but also for Kansei evaluation that stimulate human beings' sense and emotion in real time. Also, when one views movies or moving images with stories, including movies and dramas, the audience would often be sympathized through various factors of movies, such as performances of actors/actress, graphics, and music, are moved to tears and feel fear. Especially, emotional movement is different from impression and brought about as a result of responding to joy, which is one of the basic emotions of human beings. Moreover, it is suggested that emotion is the most positive aesthetic measurement toward objects. In this study, focusing on emotional movement that is one of many aesthetic reactions in human beings' watching movies, we developed an interface for measuring of emotional changes. The goal of this study is to apply the output of our quantitative analysis on the results of the measurements to the effective designing and production of movies.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.177-180
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• 2002

The type of physiological stress involved in driving is probably complex, and a comprehensive study involving recording of physiological signals such as electrocardiogram(ECG), electromyogram(EMG). Changes in relevant Physiological parameters, such as ECG, EMG, reflected changes in driver status. In order to derive the mental and physical load of driving a motor vehicle from driving behaviour alone it is necessary to establish the relationship between changes in a driver's physiological parameters and behavioral parameters. In this study, we choose two different condition and investigated driver's status using HRV analysis method. Many previous studies have shown that increasing driving time causes a variation of HRV signal.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.21-28
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• 2003

Tn the present study, 9 photographs from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) judged to express best 2-dimensional sensibility were selected and used to stimulate the subjects. The goal of the study lay in verifying whether or not the consequent affective changes in the subjects can be discriminated psychologically and physiologically in terms of arousal and relaxation. In order to determine affective changes, the physiological signals of the subjects' autonomic nervous system were measured through electrocardiogram (ECG) , galvanic skin response (GSR), skin temperature, and respiration. After stimulation and measurement, subjective evaluation was conducted. Subjective evaluation revealed that affective arousal level could be classified into 4 consecutive stages: arousal 〉 unpleasant arousal, pleasant arousal 〉 comfort 〉 relaxation. Analysis revealed that the responses of the autonomic nervous system, too, could be classified into 3 consecutive stages: arousal, unpleasant arousal, pleasant arousal 〉 comfort 〉 relaxation. By selecting and using 9 photographs from the IAPS deemed best to express Koreans'2-dimensional sensibility, the present study confirmed that it is possible to discriminate changes in the subjects' affective arousal level in terms of arousal and relaxation through psychological and physiological evaluation.