• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.142-143
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• 2011

As mentioned above, various safety measures are considered and discussed as hijacking of Korean vessels by pirates is increasing. Thus, the standard for ship's facilities has been partially revised and setting up an evacuation shelter on all vessels sailing dangerous zone has been reinforced. This research aims to discuss crew Citadel set up that has to sail long haul. In addition, measures against potential gas flow have to be taken due to recent pirate armed and portable rocket attacks. There is also a possibility of fire outbreak within the vessel due to its nature. Thus, this research assesses the relevant number of crew Citadel theoretically. It will also make a model by estimating the relevant number of shelters in the event of fire outbreak and implement simulation using FDS.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2018

This study set out to evaluate the fitness of shelter locations by taking into consideration service zones according to walking speed, the changing population between day and night, and walking routes. Walking speed was defined as 1.6 m/s, 2 m/s based on the cases of previous studies. The changing population between day and night was estimated with the dasymetric mapping technique. Shelter service zones according to walking speed and routes were analyzed with the network of the location allocation model. The findings show some shelters had limits with their capacity according to the changing floating population and walking speed in time and space and raise a need to appoint additional shelters.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

In the past two decades, researchers from different countries have conducted series of experimental and theoretical studies to investigate the behaviour of structures in fire. Many new insights, data and calculation methods have been reported, which form the basis for modern interdisciplinary structural fire engineering. Some of those methods are now adopted in quantitative performance-based codes and have been migrated into practice. Mainly based on the achievements in structural fire research at China, the Chinese national code for fire safety of steel structures in buildings has been drafted and approved, and will be released in this year. The code is developed to prevent steel structures subjected to fire from collapsing, ensure safe evacuation of building occupants, and reduce the cost for repairing the damages of the structure caused by fire. This paper presents the main contents of the code, which includes the fire duration requirements of structural components, fundamental requirements on fire safety design of steel components, temperature increasing of atmosphere and structural components in fire, loading effect and capacity of various components in fire, and procedure for fire-resistant check and design of steel components. The analytical approaches employed in the code and their validation works are also presented.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.243-252
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• 2022

The hybrid wind-solar energy concept has a big influence on the spread of wind and solar power projects in India since it combines the benefits of both industries while also providing extra benefits such as resource sharing such as land, infrastructure, and power evacuation systems. Furthermore, while the hybrid policy may reduce certain barriers to the installation of wind and solar energy in India, there are still some issues that must be resolved rapidly in order to ensure a sustainable installation. According to the study's findings, the installation of wind and solar power plants is significantly influenced by energy policy. The wind-solar hybrid energy strategy will also be crucial in the near future for growing the usage of renewable energy sources. Aside from that, the establishment of Green Energy Open Access (GEOA) and the restart of the trading of Renewable Energy Certificates (REC) would promote the quick deployment of standalone and hybrid renewable power projects throughout the nation, enabling it to reach 500 GW of installed non-fossil energy capacity by 2030.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2023

The object of this study is to evaluate whether the means of egress of Jechon Sports Center and Miryang Sejong Hospital, where massive fire human casualties occurred in 2017 and 2018 respectively, comply with NFPA 101(Life Safety Code), and to suggest the need for supplementation of domestic means of egress regulations. The study evaluated the number and arrangement of the means of egress, travel distance, common path of travel, dead end and discharge from exit for each building by applying the means of egress regulations of NFPA 101. As a result of the evaluation through NFPA 101, the travel distance was appropriate, but some of the other items except for the travel distance did not meet NFPA 101. The regulations that need to be supplemented are 1)occupant load calculation 2)egress capacity calculation 3)continuous concept of means of egress 4)concept of common path of travel. It is especially necessary to revise the requirement for fire door of the evacuation floor(normal 1^st floor) of the stairwell in case of below the five story building.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.291-314
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• 2018

In recent 3 years, Korea's low-cost airlines have expanded their areas of passenger transportation not only to domestic market but also to Japan, China, Southeast Asia and US territory as a total of 6 companies (8 airlines including small air operation business carriers). Currently, three more airlines have filed for air transportation business certification as future low-cost carriers, and this expansion is expected to continue. To cope with the aggressive airline operations of domestic and foreign low-cost carriers and to enhance their competitiveness, each low-cost airline is taking a number of strategies for promoting cabin service. Therefore, the workload of the cabin crew is increased in proportion to the expansion, and the fatigue directly connected with the safety task performance is increased. It is stipulated in the Enforcement Regulations of the Korea Aviation Safety Act that at minimum, one cabin crew is required per 50 passenger seating capacity, and all low cost carriers are boarding only the minimum cabin crew. Sometimes it is impossible for them to sit in a floor level emergency exit for evacuation, which is the main task of the cabin crew, and this can cause confusion among evacuating passengers in the event of an emergency. In addition, if one of the minimum cabin crew becomes incapacitated due to an injury or the like, it will become a serious impediment in performing emergency evacuation duties. Even in the normal situation, since it will be violating the Act prescription on the minimum cabin crew complement, passengers will have to move to another available airline flights, encountering extreme inconvenience. Annex 6 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation specifies international standards for the determination of the minimum number of cabin crew shall be based only on the number of passenger seats or passengers on board for safe and expeditious emergency evacuation. Thereby in order to enhance the safety of the passengers and the crew on board, it is necessary to consider the cabin crew's fatigue that may occur in the various job characteristics (service, safety, security, first aid)and floor level emergency exit seating in calculating the minimum number of cabin crew. And it is also deemed necessary for the government's regulatory body to enhance the cabin safety for passengers and crew when determining the number of minimum cabin crew by reflecting the cabin crew's workload leading to their fatigue and unavailability to be seated in a floor level emergency exit on low cost carriers.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.87-94
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• 2019

Through a press release dated July 17, 2018, the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission recommended that the National Fire Agency develop preventive measures against fire in the "Indoor Archery Ground" and "Room Escape Café" etc., which were originally excluded from the category of "Publicly Used Establishments." This study developed the hierarchy of domains and indicators of measurement for fire risk assessment of the new business of publicly used establishments through the Delphi Method. It analyzed the goodness of fit scores (over 3.00) and secured an average score of 4.25. Using AHP analysis, the ratio of consistency for the domains of measurement of fire risk assessment was found to be 4.0%, which was lower than CR ≤ 0.1 (10%). The consistency of subsequent measurement indicators were distributed in the range of 0.1%~3.6%, and they were identified as being commonly consistent. The indicators of measurement appeared as follows in order of importance and priority: Type of Internal Passage of Establishment and Evacuation Capacity of Exit (0.316), Control of Ignition Source (0.141), Inherent Risk (0.106), Appropriateness and Adaptiveness of Fire Detection System (0.097), Control of Inflammables/Combustibles (0.084), Guides and Facilities helping Evacuation (0.075), Fire Resistant Structure and Finishing Materials (0.060), Compartmentalization and Emergency Exit (0.049), Risk of Fire Expansion (0.046), and Appropriateness and Adaptiveness of Fire Extinguishing Facilities (0.026). The findings of this study are expected to be expansively used as data for future research on the development of fire risk assessment indicators.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.197-208
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• 2007

Enormously sized buildings are appearing world-wide with the advancement of construction techniques. Large-scaled and complicated structures will have increased difficulties for dealing with safety, and will demand well-matched safety measures. This research introduced up-to-date techniques and systems which are applied in buildings in foreign nations. Furthermore, it proposed s direct guidance plan for buildings in case of fire. Since it is possible to install wireless sensor networks which detect fires or effects of fire, the plan makes use of this information. Accordingly, the authors completed a direct guidance plan that was based on omnidirectional guidance lights. It is possible to select a route with concern about both time and capacity with a concept of a non-dominated path. Finally, case studies showed that quickest path algorithms were effective for guiding efficient dispersion routes and in case of restriction of certain links in preferred paths due to temperature and smoke, it was possible to avoid relevant links and to restrict demand in the network application. Consequently, the algorithms were able to maximize safety and minimize evacuation time, which were the purposes of this study.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2017

Since the late 19th century, the annual average temperature of the Earth has risen due to excessive emission of greenhouse gases, and abnormal weather phenomena such as heavy rain and heavy snowfall have been increasing frequently all over the world. In a city with high population growth due to high economic growth, fire and terrorist accidents can cause serious property damage and human casualties. The purpose of this study is to propose the need for evacuated facilities to protect victims, and suggest adequate shelters' size which can be protectable them. In spite of the Ministry of Public Safety and Security designated 3.3 square meters of per capita capacity, they does not specify the basis about setting this criterion.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.16 no.1 s.60
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• pp.85-94
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• 2006

In this study, scaled model tests were carried out to decide the optimal critical velocity, to prevent back layering in the case of fire in a long traffic tunnel. Realistic estimates were made for the time required for people to escape ken the tunnel and far the time required by the ventilation operator to increase the system speed to full capacity. The analysis, predicts that the emergency ventilation will start about 240 seconds after the tunnel fire. It was also found that prevention of back layering would occur within 4 minutes after fan operation. To find out optimal critical velocity, a 1/50 scaled model tunnel(diameter : 0.2 m and length : 20 m) based on the Froude similarity technique was constructed. Changing $\beta$ values in the Tetzner's equation, smoke propagation was observed. From the experiment, it was concluded that using a $\beta$ value of 0.5 to prevent back layering successfully allowed time for safe evacuation.