• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.283-293
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• 2022

One of the important areas of state policy in the socio-economic and cultural development of the country is cultural diplomacy. It contributes to the information dissemination about the country, strengthens interstate relations, and forms a positive image. Through cultural diplomacy, we achieve a positive perception of the world community of the country, determined by its place in the modern system of international relations. The aim of the study is a comparative analysis of cultural diplomacy opportunities for sustainable development at different levels of public relations, as well as the impact of cultural diplomacy opportunities on the indicators of the Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index and the Global Sustainable Development Index. Regarding the results of the research on the impact of cultural diplomacy opportunities on the indicators of the Global Index of Sustainable Competitiveness and the Global Index of Sustainable Development, four groups are identified among the countries of the European Union: countries with a very high level of sustainable competitiveness and sustainable development; countries with a high level of sustainable competitiveness and sustainable development; countries with low levels of sustainable competitiveness and sustainable development.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.82 no.5
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• pp.557-569
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• 2022

The retrofit of existing structures in high seismic zones is a crucial issue in the earthquake engineering field. The interest of the research community is particularly high for the structures that do not respect current seismic codes and present structural deficiencies such as poor detailing and lack of capacity design provisions. A reinforced concrete (RC) school building is used as case study to show the influence of different knowledge levels on the seismic retrofitting cost assessment. The safety assessment of the case study building highlights deficiencies under both vertical and seismic loads. By considering all the possible knowledge levels defined by the Italian such as by the European codes in order to derive the mechanical properties of the school building constitutive materials, the retrofit operations are designed to achieve different seismic safety thresholds. The retrofit structural costs are calculated and summed up to the costs for in-situ in tests. The paper shows how for the case study building the major costs spent for a large number of in-situ tests allows to save a consistent amount of money for retrofit operations. The hypothesis of demolition and reconstruction of the building is also compared in terms of costs with all the analyzed retrofit options.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.72-84
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• 2022

As the threat of climate change escalates, 'net-zero' has become a priority for the international community, and the use of new and renewable energy sources is expected to play a significant role in reaching international carbon neutrality. Here, we evaluate technological competitiveness in terms of implementation and technology by analyzing scientific literature and patents in the new and renewable energy fields of five major countries. For the past 10 years (2009-2019), the most active areas of new and renewable energy research and development have been solar power, wind power, waste, and fuel cells. China is the forerunner in implementation, whereas the United States has the most advanced technology. Portfolio analysis revealed that Korea's fuel cell, the United States' bioenergy, China's waste, Japan's solar and fuel cell, and the European Union's wind power have shown to be in Star Field respectively. Technological competitiveness analysis found that Korea is lagging behind other countries in the new and renewable energy sector, and needs to set a new direction for future carbon-neutral research and development, investment, and policy.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.395-401
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• 2010

Since Philipp Reis succeeded in sending human voices through electric wires well ahead of Elisha Gray and A. G. Bell etc., he deserves to be acknowledged as the inventor of the telephone. Nevertheless, he did not enjoy any honor for his great invention while he was alive. Since he was working in a scientific community, his work was presented not as a patentable invention but as a scientific discovery. In addition, he used the intermittent electricity in accordance with the experimental tradition in European acoustics, occasioning the speech quality of his telephone to have a fatal shortcoming. On the contrary, Bell, who was a novice in electricity and acoustics, employed variable currents to transmit the sound signals, which guaranteed better speech qualities than Reis's.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

Purpose: This study develops a health literacy instrument for Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Items were drawn from The Korean version of the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and the Korean version of European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q47 & HLS-EU-Q16). Content validity was tested by experts. To further refine the questionnaires and test their reliability and validity, data were collected from 324 older adults in the community. Results: Five significant items in the two subscales were derived from the factor analysis. The subscales were named access and understanding. Reliability was good at Cronbach's ⍺ .79, and validity through exploratory factor analysis was KMO .897, p<.001, which was found to be high and significant. Conclusion: The instrument demonstrated high reliability and validity. Therefore, this instrument can contribute to the evaluation of health literacy for Alzheimer's Disease in older adults and to any subsequent intervention, as well as to develop a theory for health literacy for Alzheimer's Disease.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.405-411
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• 2007

Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical applicability of the repeatability criteria recommended by the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) spirometry guidelines and to determine which factors affect the repeatability of spirometry in Korean adults. Methods: We reviewed the spirometry data of 4,663 Korean adults from the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cohort (COPD cohort) and the Community-based Cohort Study VI-Fishing village/Islands (community cohort). We measured the anthropometric factors and differences between the highest and second-highest FVC (dFVC) and $FEV_1$ ($dFEV_1$) from prebronchodilator spirometry. Analyses included the distribution of dFVC and $dFEV_1$, comparison of the values meeting the 1994 ATS repeatability criteria with the values meeting the 2005 ATS/ERS repeatability criteria, and the performance of linear regression for evaluating the influence of subject characteristics and the change of criteria on the spiro-metric variability. Results: About 95% of subjects were able to reproduce FVC and $FEV_1$ within 150 ml. The KNHANES based on the 1994 ATS guidelines showed poorer repeatability than the COPD cohort and community cohort based on the 2005 ATS/ERS guidelines. Demographic and anthropometric factors had little effect on repeatability, explaining only 0.5 to 3%. Conclusion: We conclude that the new spirometry repeatability criteria recommended by the 2005 ATS/ERS guidelines is also applicable to Korean adults. The repeatability of spirometry depends little on individual characteristics when an experienced technician performs testing. Therefore, we suggest that sustained efforts for public awareness of new repeatability criteria, quality control of spirograms, and education of personnel are needed for reliable spirometric results.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.3-31
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• 2017

On 12 October 2017, the English Royal Courts of Justice delivered its decision about air carrier's compensation liability for the flight delay. In the cases the passengers suffered delays at a connecting point and, consequently, on arrival at their final destination. They claimed compensation under Regulation 261/2004 (the "Regulation"), as applied by the Court of Justice of the European Union (the "CJEU") in Sturgeon v. Condor [2009]. The principal issues were whether delays suffered by the passengers during the second leg of their respective journeys were compensable under the Regulation, whether there was jurisdiction under the Regulation and whether the right to compensation under the Regulation is, insofar as non-Community air carriers are concerned, excluded by virtue of the exclusive liability regime established under the Montreal Convention 1999. The passengers, the plaintiff, argued that the relevant delay was not that on flight 1 but that suffered at the "final destination". They maintained that there was no exercise by the EU of extraterritorial jurisdiction as the delay on flight 2 was merely relevant to the calculation of the amount of compensation due under the Regulation. The air carrier, the defendant, however argued that the only relevant flights for the purpose of calculating any delay were the first flights (flights 1) out of EU airspace, as only these flights fell within the scope of the Regulation; the connecting flights (flights 2) were not relevant since they were performed entirely outside of the EU by a non-Community carrier. Regarding the issue of what counts as a delay under the Regulation, the CJEU held previously on another precedents that the operating carrier's liability to pay compensation depends on the passenger's delay in arriving at the "final destination". It held that where the air carrier provides a passenger with more than one directly connecting flight to enable him to arrive at their destination, the flights should be taken together for the purpose of assessing whether there has been three hours' or more delay on arrival; and that in case of directly connecting flights, the final destination is the place at which the passenger is scheduled to arrive at the end of the last component flight. In addition, the Court confirmed that the Regulation applied to flights operated by non-Community carriers out of EU airspace even if flight 1 or flight 2 lands outside the EU, since the Regulation does not require that a flight must land in the EU. Accordingly, the passengers' appeal from the lower Court was allowed, while that of air carrier was dismissed. The Court has come down firmly on the side of the passengers in this legal debate. However, this result is not a great surprise considering the recent trends of EU member states' court decisions in the fields of air transport and consumer protection. The main goal of this article is to review the Court's decision and to search historical trend of air consumer protection especially in EU area.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 2008

A worldwide trend of permitting system for industrial installation to achieve a high level of protection of the environment has been moved from single media to multimedia in approach. The Council of the European Community issued the Directive 96/61/EC, the IPPC Directive, concerning integrated pollution prevention and control in 1996. The IPPC Directive is one of the most ambitious legal measures that the European Union (EU) has initiated with a view to applying the prevention principle for industrial activities. The IPPC aims to achieve the integrated prevention and reduction of environmental pollution emitted by those industrial installations with a higher potential of emissions to the environment. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recommended on Environmental Performance Reviews of Korea in 2006 that IPPC permitting concept should be considered for large stationary sources at the national and regional levels. Any Korean law doesn't provide for integrated pollution control with a single process covering all pollution from economic activities. However, one exception might be the "environmentally-friendly companies" certification scheme, introduced in 1995, in which participants agree to meet targets beyond the legal emission limit values in exchange for government technical and financial support to operate environmental management systems. The other exception might be Environmental impact assessment (EIA) of projects, in 1977, which has been strengthened and reinforced to be more preventive through development of the prior environmental review system (PERS) in 1999. The aim of this work is to introduce the contents of IPPC Directive at the viewpoint of Korea policy and to survey the integrated approaching concept of Environmentally-Friendly Companies (EFC) Certification Scheme and EIA policy of Korea. The study will be helpful in the future to prepare the infrastructure of integrated permitting system and to enforce the integrated permit which the authorities of local government issues on industrial activities. It can be said that the data calculated through both EFC Certification Scheme and EIA will be discussed as worthful information to determine Korean BAT reference notes for integrated permitting process.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.235-262
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• 2019

While traditionally threatening human infectious diseases are decreasing, chronic diseases such as cancer and diabetes, including cardiovascular diseases, are spreading rapidly. Reflecting the characteristics of chronic diseases that are difficult to treat, the management of risk factors and the preparation of health promotion policies corresponding to them have emerged as important concerns around the world. Providing so-called multi-sector approach such as health promotion and disease prevention policy and solution for community response, The value of primary care is once again highlighted in the changed medical environment. As the existing medical delivery system has become difficult to cope with the people's desire for rapid aging, disease paradigm change, and quality of life improvement, European Union countries have made various efforts to improve the quality of their primary medical system, which provides continuous, com- prehensive and coordinated management. This paper examines the current status and problems of the healthcare delivery system in Korea, draws implications from the European Union examples related to the strengthening of primary care, and discusses the plans for establishing a patient-centered future medical delivery system.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2010

A sanitary survey was conducted to evaluate the water quality and mussel (Mytilus edulis) conditions of two administrative shellfish growing waters: those designated as shellfish growing water for export, and adjacent waters on the east coast of Changseon Island, Namhae, Korea. In all, 1,656 seawater and 166 mussel samples were collected at 46 stations for seawater and five stations for the shellfish from January 2007 to December 2009. Both seawater and mussels were examined for total coliforms and fecal coliforms. The standard plate count and most probable number of Escherichia coli were also determined for the shellfish samples. The range of the geometric means and the estimated 90th percentiles of fecal coliform for seawater samples at each station were <1.8-4.1 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-22.3 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The sanitary conditions for both shellfish growing areas, the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area in Changseon, met the 'Approved area' criteria of the United States National Shellfish Sanitation Program. The range of E. coli detected in mussels in these areas was <20-500 MPN/100 g; and only 3 of 166 samples exceeded 230 MPN/100 g, the European standard for the consumption of raw bivalves. Therefore, the mussel farms in the Changseon area are classified as 'Class A' according to criteria set in European Community regulations. However, the levels of E. coli in mussels in parts of the designated shellfish growing area and adjacent area exceeded the bacterial limits after rainfall exceeding 45 mm. Further studies are needed to fully define the conditions leading to a temporary closure to harvest after a rainfall event.