• 복식
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.138-150
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• 2005

Phrygia headgear has an important meaning from the perspectives of costume history and cultural exchanges in ancient times. This study is to investigate the prototype of Phrygia headgear through analysis of its manufacturing methods and styles on the basis of prior studies on ancient sculptures and literatures conducted by European researchers and to examine its history and meanings. In these ways, this study will be helpful in understanding the importance of Phrygia headgear in cultural exchanges between the East and the West. Results of this study can be summarized as follows: Phrygia headgear was orn by eastern tribes, so it was a symbol of those from the east in ancient times. Phrygia headgear is frequently found in Greek artistic works of 5th to 4th century BC that depicted eastern tribes. Also, this headgear can be observed in artistic works for Mithras, Attis, or other gods. Since Phrygia headgear's shape is similar to that of Homer's helm, many researchers believe that it might be originated from Homer's helm. This headgear made of oxen scrotum(stierbeutel) or its surrounding skin has a long end at the top. This long end is round and drooping toward the front side. From such unique shape, we top. This long end is round and drooping toward the front side. From such unique shape, we top. This long end is round and drooping toward the front side. From such unique shape, we can draw a conclusion that Phrygia headgear was made of oxen scrotum and its surrounding skin. Dependingy on drooping patterns, there are various shapes, such as the round, tightly swollen one worn by Mithras, the tongue-shaped one found in Basilika S. Apolinare Nuovo's mosaic depicting three wise men, the balloon-shaped one frequently found in Greek vases depicting Scythian, and the one drooping to the side depicted in Alexandersarkophag. Further, some Phrygia headgear has covers for neck and ears. For example, Phrygia headgear worn by Persian Satrap tribe has such covers attached to the head part. Meanwhile, Phrygia headgear worn by Amazone tribe does not show such separate covers, Rather, one piece of oxen skin was tanned and finished to make such covers. Wearing Phrygia headgear can be interpreted in several ways. Use of animal's skin for wearing things is a unique aspect in ancient societies because they believed that wearing animal skin would give them power of the animal. Further, Phrygia headgear made of oxen scrotum was a symbol of reproductive power to women.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.736-745
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• 2011

본 EU는 세계에서 미국을 능가하는 경제력을 가지기 위해서 여러 가지 측면으로 노력하고 있다. 이러한 경제성장은 산업기술발전을 통해서 가능하고 더 나아가 산업기술의 경쟁력강화를 통해 고용창출이 가능하다고 인지하고 있다. 이에 EU집행위에서는 국제기술협력 정책 추진에서 EU내 회원국 간의 국제기술협력이 아닌 비회원국, 즉 한국 등과의 협력이 강화되어야 한다는 것을 강조하고 있다. 우리나라에서 정부기관을 통해서 몇몇의 EU권과의 국제기술협력에 대한 보고서가 나오고 있다. 하지만 아직 학계에서는 EU권에 대한 국제기술협력에 대한 연구가 이루어지지 않고 있다. 이에 본 논문의 목적은 기존에 많은 학자들에게 잘 알려진 미국 및 일본과의 연구를 넘어서서 EU와의 국제기술협력을 할 수 있는 주요한 정보를 제공하는 데에 있다. 제 2장에서는 EU의 일반적인 기술혁신정책을 소개하고 이어서 제 3장에서는 EU와의 국제기술협력을 위한 종합프로그램(Framework Program)을 살펴보고 제 4장에서는 EU권에서 중소기업 및 산업체와 함께 국제기술협력을 할수 있는 주요 프로그램인 EUREKA를 살펴보았다.

• 농촌지도와개발
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.271-305
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• 2014

경제 침체로 인한 예산부족으로 공공정책이 증거(evidence)에 기반해야 한다는 요구는 점점 증대되고 있다. 선진국 특히 EU의 경우 농촌개발사업의 석명성(accountability)을 확보하기 위해 1980년대부터 체계적인 평가체계를 구축하여 왔다. 그러나 국내 농촌개발사업 평가체계는 대부분 전문가의 의견을 중심으로 한 평가에 의존하는 초보적인 수준에 머물고 있다. 이에 따라 농촌개발 정책들에 대해 회의적인 시각을 가지고 있는 예산결정기구(의회, 정부부처 등) 담당자들에게 해당 정책사업의 수행실적이나 성과에 대한 객관적인 정량적 지표를 제시하지 못하고 있어 사업이 자주 축소 혹은 변경되는 문제가 발생하고 있다. 농촌개발분야 공공예산 집행에 대한 석명성과 사업수행과정에서의 시행착오를 통한 학습효과를 극대화하기 위해서는 체계적인 사업계획의 수립과 함께, 사실과 증거에 근거한 사업수행 및 수정을 위한 신뢰성있는 모니터링 및 평가체계구축이 필요하다. 첫째, 경제개발과 함께 사회개발을 주요 목표로 설정하고 평가지표를 구성할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 평가의 사후 목적이 상벌보다는 교육적 목적이 우선되도록 설계될 필요가 있다. 이를 위해서는 농촌마을사업이 '선택과 집중 모델'에서 '확산 모델'로 정책방향을 변경해야 한다. 셋째, 사업선정과 평가에 지역주민 참여를 통한 민주성을 강화할 필요성이 있다. 넸째, EU의 공통모니터링 및 평가틀(CMEF)와 같은 농촌개발 모니터링 및 평가시스템 구축이 필요하다.

• 한국언론정보학보
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• 제76권
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• pp.151-182
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• 2016

디지털 시대에 개인의 프라이버시 및 인격권 보호를 위해 잊힐 권리(the right to be forgotten)를 보장해야 한다는 주장이 꾸준히 제기되어 왔다. 본 논문은 유럽에서 촉발된 잊힐 권리에 대한 논의가 개인정보보호를 중심으로 링크 삭제 청구권이라는 법적 권리로 구체화된 반면, 한국에서 진행되고 있는 잊힐 권리 관련 논의가 언론 기사로 인한 개인의 인격권 침해 전반에 대한 피해 구제 차원으로 확대되면서 기사 삭제 청구권을 포함하는 법적 권리로 변용돼 논의되는 상황에 주목했다. 이에 본 논문은 잊힐 권리의 개념 및 그 보호법익을 해외 사례를 통해 파악한 후, 국내의 표현의 자유 규제 법률들을 살펴봄으로써 현재 추진되고 있는 기사 삭제 청구권 신설의 타당성을 검토했다. 한국은 헌법 21조 4항, 정보통신망법, 형법상의 명예훼손죄와 모욕죄, 민사상 명예훼손 손해배상 규정, 언론중재법, 공직선거법, 방송통신심의위원회의 심의, 대법원 판례 등으로 인격권과 명예훼손을 구제하는 법망이 해외에 비해 꽉 짜여 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 여기에 추가해 언론중재법에 기사 삭제 청구권을 신설하는 것은, 링크 삭제 청구권을 인정하지만 언론 기사 자체를 삭제하지는 않는 세계적 추세와 결을 달리할 뿐 아니라, 상충하는 법익들을 비교형량할 때 표현의 자유를 심대하게 침해할 위험이 크다고 주장한다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.221-232
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• 2008

This paper represents the final results of a research program sponsored by the European Commission through project WIND-CHIME ($\underline{W}$ide Range Non-$\underline{IN}$trusive $\underline{D}$evices toward $\underline{C}$onservation of $\underline{HI}$storical Monuments in the $\underline{ME}$diterranean Area), in which the possibility of using advanced seismic protection technologies to preserve historical monuments in the Mediterranean area is investigated. In the current research, the dynamic characteristics of two outstanding Mamluk-Style minarets, which similar minarets were reported to experience extensive damage during Dahshur 1992 earthquake, are investigated. The first minaret is the Qusun minaret (1337 A.D, 736 Hijri Date (H.D)) located in El-Suyuti cemetery on the southern side of the Salah El-Din citadel. The minaret is currently separated from the surrounding building and is directly resting on the ground (no vaults underneath). The total height of the minaret is 40.28 meters with a base rectangular shaft of about 5.42 ${\times}$ 5.20 m. The second minaret is the southern minaret of Al-Sultaniya (1340 A.D, 739 H.D). It is located about 30.0 meters from Qusun minaret, and it is now standing alone but it seems that it used to be attached to a huge unidentified structure. The style of the minaret and its size attribute it to the first half of the fourteenth century. The minaret total height is 36.69 meters and has a 4.48 ${\times}$ 4.48 m rectangular base. Field investigations were conducted to obtain: (a) geometrical description of the minarets, (b) material properties of the minarets' stones, and (c) soil conditions at the minarets' location. Ambient vibration tests were performed to determine the modal parameters of the minarets such as natural frequencies and mode shapes. A $1/16^{th}$ scale model of Qusun minaret was constructed at Cairo University Concrete Research Laboratory and tested under free vibration with and without SMA wire dampers. The contribution of SMA wire dampers to the structural damping coefficient was evaluated under different vertical loads and vibration amplitudes. Experimental results were used along with the field investigation data to develop a realistic 3-D finite element model that can be used for seismic risk evaluation of the minarets. Examining the updated finite element models under different seismic excitations indicated the vulnerability of such structures to earthquakes with medium to high a/v ratio. The use of SMA wire dampers was found feasible for reducing the seismic risk for this type of structures.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권14호
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• pp.5987-5991
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• 2015

Our previous study detected aflatoxins in red chili peppers from Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, each of which have a high incidence of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Since the aflatoxin B1 concentration was not so high in these peppers, it is important to clarify the presence of other mycotoxins. Here we attempted to determine any associations between the concentrations of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A (OTA) in red chili peppers, and the corresponding GBC incidences. We collected red chili peppers from three areas in Peru: Trujillo (a high GBC incidence area), Cusco (an intermediate GBC incidence area), and Lima (a low GBC incidence rate), and from Chile and Bolivia. Aflatoxins and OTA were extracted with organic solvents. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, and OTA were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The values obtained were compared with the incidence of GBC in each area or country. All of the red chili peppers from the three areas showed contamination with aflatoxins below the Commission of the European Communities (EC) recommended limits ($5{\mu}g/kg$), but the OTA contamination of two samples was above the EC recommended limit ($15{\mu}g/kg$). The mean concentrations of OTA in the peppers from Chile (mean $355{\mu}g/kg$, range < $5-1,059{\mu}g/kg$) and Bolivia (mean $207{\mu}g/kg$, range $0.8-628{\mu}g/kg$), which has a high incidence of GBC, were higher than that in Peru ($14{\mu}g/kg$, range < $5-47{\mu}g/kg$), which has an intermediate GBC incidence. The OTA contamination in the red chili peppers from Chile, Bolivia, and Peru was stronger than that of aflatoxins. Our data suggest that OTA in red chili peppers may be associated with the development of GBC.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권10호
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• pp.5167-5170
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• 2012

Chilean red chili peppers contaminated with aflatoxins were reported in a previous study. If the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) in Chile is associated with a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers, such peppers from other countries having a high GBC incidence rate may also be contaminated with aflatoxins. We aimed to determine whether this might be the case for red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru. A total of 7 samples (3 from Bolivia, 4 from Peru) and 3 controls (2 from China, 1 from Japan) were evaluated. Aflatoxins were extracted with acetonitrile:water (9:1, v/v) and eluted through an immuno-affinity column. The concentrations of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and then the detected aflatoxins were identified using HPLC-mass spectrometry. In some but not all of the samples from Bolivia and Peru, aflatoxin B1 or aflatoxins B1 and B2 were detected. In particular, aflatoxin B1 or total aflatoxin concentrations in a Bolivian samples were above the maximum levels for aflatoxins in spices proposed by the European Commission. Red chili peppers from Bolivia and Peru consumed by populations having high GBC incidence rates would appear to be contaminated with aflatoxins. These data suggest the possibility that a high level of consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated red chili peppers is related to the development of GBC, and the association between the two should be confirmed by a case-control study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3499-3503
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• 2016

Our recent studies conducted in South America have shown that mycotoxin contamination of red chili peppers (RCPs) may be associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Whether this relationship exists in India, a country with a high incidence of GBC and high consumption of RCPs, is unclear. We therefore measured concentrations of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in RCPs from areas of low, medium, and high incidence of GBC in India, and compared these concentrations with GBC incidence in each area. Twenty-one RCP samples were collected from nine cities (eight from a low-incidence area, five from a medium-incidence area, and eight from a high-incidence area). Concentrations of AFs and OTA were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. No significant differences in mean concentrations of AFs and OTA were found in the three areas. AFB1 levels in the low-incidence area ($10.81{\mu}g/kg$) and high-incidence area ($12.00{\mu}g/kg$) were more than 2.2 and 2.4 times higher compared with the maximum permitted level of AFB1 in spices ($5.0{\mu}g/kg$) set by the Commission of the European Communities, or that ($4.4{\mu}g/kg$) obtained in our previous study in Chile. Our results show that the mean concentrations of mycotoxins in RCPs are similar among the three areas in India with different incidences of GBC. Further studies with human subjects are needed to evaluate any association between AFB1 and GBC.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2018

In this study, We developed a Ancillary device for child radiography for X-ray of children under 5 years old and verified its effectiveness. Chest X-rays of children younger than 5 years of age were performed by Supine method at the position of Table detector, Short - Source to Image Receptor Distance(SID). Existing Supine and Short -SID imaging methods cause many problems, such as errors in image reading and excessive radiation exposure dose to patients, but the use of an Ancillary device for child radiography(ADCR) solves these problems. A total of 160 children were divided into the Upright group using ADCR and Supine group without ADCR. The chest X-ray image was visually evaluated by two radiologists with reference to the European Commission's List of Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images in Pediatrics. The total score of the qualitative evaluation was 5.15% higher in the chest upright method using ADCR than in the chest supine method without ADCR, and the chest upright method score was higher than that of the chest supine method in items 1 to 7. whether infants have deep inspiration or not, 4.87% higher for item 1, whether infants rotate or not and the degree of tilting, 0% higher for the item 2, the reproduction of image from just above apices of lungs to T12/L1, 0% for the item 3, reproduction of the vascular pattern in central 2/3 of the lungs, 6.92% higher for the item 4, reproduction of the trachea and the proximal bronchi, 12.9% higher for the item 5, visually sharp reproduction of the diaphragm and costo-phrenic angles, 10% higher for the item 6, reproduction of the spine and paraspinal structures and visualisation of the retrocardiac lung and the mediastinum, and 3.65% higher for the item 7. Items 2 and 3 showed no statistically significant differences(P > 0.05), and items 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 showed statistically significant differences(P < 0.05). In conclusion, Upright method using ADCR in pediatric chest X-ray is considered as a good alternative to existing Supine method.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2016

국내 철도안전법의 형식승인 제도는 2014년도에 시행되어 현재 차량분야부터 순차적으로 기술기준이 고시되고 있다. 형식승인 제도의 인증 대상품은 철도차량과 철도용품으로 구분되며, 형식승인 제도에서는 기존 인증제도와는 다르게 설계적합성 검증, 설계합치성 검증, 형식시험 검사의 순서로 설계에 대한 입증이 요구되고 있으며, 이는 TSI 인증 등 전세계의 인증 제도와 부합화된 내용이다. 본 연구에서는 유럽 표준형 자동복합연결기 시스템을 구성하는 하부시스템 중 연결기 헤드에 대하여 국내 철도안전법 형식승인 제도와 TSI 기준의 요구사항을 도출하고 그 중에서 설계적합성 검증 항목을 분류하였다. 분류된 34개의 설계적합성 검증항목 중 32개는 도면 및 기술검토서를 통해 검증하였으며, 분석이 필요한 2개의 항목에 대하여 연결범위 분석 및 강도해석을 수행함으로써 유럽 표준형 자동복합연결기 헤드가 국내외 기술기준 및 규격의 요구사항에 적합하게 설계되었음을 확인하였다.