• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.120-133
• /
• 2021

This paper proposes an interpretation of Charles Ess's pros hen pluralism, especially concerning what constitutes the single end point (hen) toward which the pluralistic viewpoints converge (pros). The single end point, I argue, is constituted by an empirical social reality that obtains in the world at a particular period. In other words, it is the fact that we happen to agree largely and broadly on several ethical issues that serves as the end point in Ess's theory. The reason is that humans happen largely to share the same goals and values qua human beings, such as the desire for communication and cooperation with one another. It is not their rationality, or any other permanent and ideal characteristic, that serves as the source of normativity for human beings, but rather the contingent facts that obtain at a particular place and time, facts that humans happen to agree on. This raises an obvious objection of what to do with those who might cherish a very different set of values. The answer is that the globalized nature of the world today, especially deepened by information technology, makes it increasingly difficult for any groups to remain isolated. This does not imply, however, that disagreements are not possible. On the contrary, disagreements are a part of the whole process from the beginning. At the theoretical level, there is always a need for those who disagree on the theoretical issues rationally to persuade one another. This is also part of the empirical reality referred to earlier.

• 경영과정보연구
• /
• 제34권3호
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 병원의 윤리풍토와 간호사의 인게이지먼트(직무몰입과 조직몰입), 그리고 이직의도 사이의 관계를 실증적으로 밝혔다는 점에서 간호사뿐만 아니라 병원측면에 여러 가지 유용성과 시사점을 갖는다. 연구결과, 책임주의와 자선주의형 윤리풍토에 대한 간호사들의 지각이 직무몰입과 조직몰입을 높이고 이직의도를 낮추는데 영향을 미치고 있다. 내부적으로는 공평성과 책임이 따르는 의사결정을 할 수 있도록 유도함으로써 병원과 간호사간의 공유된 가치를 형성하게 될 것이고 대외적으로는 좋은 병원의 이미지를 형성하는 요인이 될 것이다. 반면, 이기주의와 같은 윤리성이 결여된 풍토는 간호사들의 직무태도에 매우 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 병원은 윤리풍토의 중요성과 효과성을 인식하고 경영자를 포함한 간호사 개인차원에서의 윤리의식을 강조할 뿐만 아니라 조직 차원에서도 간호사들이 자연스럽게 윤리적인 행동을 취할 수 있도록 윤리적인 병원풍토를 조성하는데 전략적인 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다.

• 한국사회복지학
• /
• 제60권2호
• /
• pp.5-28
• /
• 2008

본 연구는 사회복지사들의 윤리적 민감성이 갖는 중요성에 대한 인식의 기반 위에서, 이를 측정하고 분석할 수 있는 검사도구를 개발하고 실제에 적용해 보기 위한 것이다. 기존의 윤리적 민감성 척도들과 관련 문헌들을 분석한 결과, 본 연구에서 개발하고자 하는 검사도구에 가장 적절한 방법으로 '비구조화된 상황판단형 지필검사방식 및 구조화된 채점방식'을 도출할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 방식의 척도를 개발하기 위하여 1단계 사례수집, 2단계 사례구성, 3단계 사례자문, 4단계 예비조사, 5단계 채점 지침작성, 6단계 최종사례 및 채점기준 확정 순으로 연구를 진행하였으며, 그 결과 세 가지 사례로 구성된 측정도구 SWEST를 개발하였다. 그리고 이 검사도구의 활용성을 보기 위하여 사회복지전공생과 사회복지실무자의 실제 응답내용을 분석하였으며 이러한 결과를 통해 SWEST가 사회복지사의 윤리적 민감성과 그에 관한 의미 있는 차이를 구분해 낼 수 있는 신뢰성과 타당성을 갖추었는지를 살펴보았다.

• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.190-205
• /
• 1994

Respect for human life and respect for human dignity are two basic values to which organized nursing has urged its members to adhere in their service to mankind. Thus it is the nurses’ duty to provide health care in support of sustenance of life and to pay respect for the patient’s right to dignity. In practice, however, nurses may experience dilemmas between these duties much due to the de velopment of modern advanced techniques. These dilemmas have become more complex and difficult to resolve. Nurses are often faced with situations in which the terminally ill refuse professional care, posing serious conflicts between respect for human life and respect for human rights to self-determination. In such cases, resolution of the problem is not a simple matter, thus requires intensive study into the ethical questions related to the situation. The purpose of this study was to identify ethical problems that nurses experience in caring for terminally ill patients and explore the ways to the resolution of problems within the context of the situations. The methodology used for the study was a case study method which ‘New Casuistry’ proposed by Jonsen & Toulmin(1988) and the ‘Specified Principlism’ proposed by Degrazia(1992) as an alternative to old deductive and intuitive method. Cases were developed through semistructured indepth interviews according to the casutistry method. A total of seven nurses were interviewd who were caring for therminally ill patients. Four cases out of a total 14 cases were related to the topic. Through the case analysis it became evident that nurses appreciated other values more often than respect for the patient’s right to self-determination. These other values were convenience and efficiency in nursing practice in case 1, preservation of life above all other values in case 2, provision of nursing care to fulfill the nurse’s professional obligation at most in case 3, and respect for the family’s demand against the patient’s wish in case 4. This study showed that the most important ethical problems were conflict between respect for the patient’s right to self-determination and sustenance of life for the fulfillment of professional obligation. For this problem, benefit /burden analysis from the perspective of the patient and family for the promotion of patient’s wellbeing may be a way to resolve the conflict. Further, through these analysis it was shown that physicians’ and families’ opinions dominated in the decision - making and the opinions of nurses’ and patients’ tended not to be reflected. Thus the patient's right to his or her care was not readily respected. To solve this problem. nurses should make efforts to communicate reciprocally with their patients, family members and physicians in an effort to respect for their patient’s rights to life and diginity from the point of view and values of the patient. It is also important that nurses provide good basic nursing care up to the time of death regardless of decisions about providing or not aggressive treat-ment for chronically and terminally ill patients.

• 한국간호교육학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.300-310
• /
• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the differences of the Code of Ethics, level of application of the Code of Ethics and consciousness of biomedical ethics of nurses about clinical practice experience, ethical values and biomedical ethics education experience of nursing students. Methods: A descriptive research design, t-test and one-way ANOVA were used. The data were collected 1st June to 31st August 2016 from two large cities. The participants were 246 nursing students with a mean age of 22.57 years. Among them, 209 (84.6%) were female, 94 (38.2%) had clinical practice experience, 155 (63.0%) listed their ethical value as different depending on the situation, and 127 (51.6%) had biomedical ethics education experience. Results: The scores were: awareness of the Code of Ethics of Nurses $4.29{\pm}0.60$; application of the Code of Ethics of Nurses $4.24{\pm}0.6$4; and consciousness of biomedical ethics $2.91{\pm}0.19$. There were significant differences in application of the Code of Ethics of Nurses (t=-1.97, p=.050); consciousness of biomedical ethics (t=-2.25, p=.025) related to clinical practice experience; and consciousness of biomedical ethics related to biomedical education experience (t=2.67, p=.007). Conclusion: Clinical practice and biomedical ethics education experience contributed to enhance the level of application of the Code of Ethics of Nurses and consciousness of biomedical ethics of nursing students.

• Journal of Smart Tourism
• /
• 제1권4호
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2021

The impacts that AI and robotics systems can and will have on our everyday lives are already making themselves manifest. However, there is a lack of research on the ethical impacts and means for amelioration regarding AI and robotics within tourism and hospitality. Given the importance of designing technologies that cross national boundaries, and given that the tourism and hospitality industry is fundamentally predicated on multicultural interactions, this is an area of research and application that requires particular attention. Specifically, tourism and hospitality have a range of context-unique stakeholders that need to be accounted for in the salient design of AI systems is to be achieved. This paper adopts a stakeholder approach to develop the conceptual framework to centralize human values in designing and deploying AI and robotics systems in tourism and hospitality. The conceptual framework includes several layers - 'Human-human-AI' interaction level, direct and indirect stakeholders, and the macroenvironment. The ethical issues on each layer are outlined as well as some possible solutions to them. Additionally, the paper develops a research agenda on the topic.

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 2021

This paper explores how the positive effect achieved when consumption value matches brand benefit can increase brand loyalty. Prior research on consumption value mainly focused on perceived value; these studies omit consumers' views of consumption value. Therefore, this study examines the effect of congruence between consumption values (functional, emotional, social, and ethical value) and perceived brand benefits (enabling, enticing, symbolic, and socially responsible benefits) on consumers' brand identification, trust, and loyalty. We find a positive effect on brand identification and brand trust when a consumer's value is similar to a brand benefit, particularly between functional value and enabling benefit, and ethical value and socially responsible benefit. However, congruence between consumption value and perceived brand benefit only had an indirect effect on brand loyalty by mediating brand identification and trust. This study provides a basis for implementing a marketing strategy to build brand assets and increase brand loyalty by providing consumers with the value they want in a diversified market.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.3785-3792
• /
• 2013

This study aimed to discover to what extent ethical issues are considered in the reimbursement decision process based on health technology assessment (HTA) in Korea, especially for oncology medications. Public summary documents (PSDs) published by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) were analyzed for empirical and normative factors. For external comparison, PSDs presented by corresponding institutions of Australia and the United Kingdom were employed. Furthermore, the opinions of eight expert oncologists were obtained regarding the accountability of the evidence in PSDs. Among 7 oncology drugs, there were differences in the final decisions and empirical factors considered, such as selected comparators and interpretation of evidence between the PSDs from the three institutions. From an ethical viewpoint, the following matters were deficient in the HTA decision-making process for oncology drugs: clear and reasonable standards; identifying and evaluating ethical values; and public accountability for reasonableness about decisions and due process.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.33-44
• /
• 2022

Women entrepreneurs play a vital role in employment creation, economic development, and growth. Women entrepreneurship is deep-rooted in the social and cultural norms and values of society. Women's entrepreneurship contribution is still invisible and needs to be properly investigated. The current research study explores "how institutions affect women's entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan" by using institutional and social cognitive theories. Focusing on the Formal and informal institutions, this research examines how institutions are affecting women's entrepreneurial performance by taking the mediating role of women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision making. A 7-point Likert scale research questionnaire is used to collect primary data. Data on active entrepreneurs are collected from the Peshawar, Mardan, and Abbottabad divisions of KPK's Women Chambers of Commerce. The data is empirically tested through the path analysis technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) through SMART PLS 3. The results indicated that women's entrepreneurial self-efficacy and ethical decision-making strongly mediate both institutions and significantly affect women's entrepreneurial performance. The study suggests that government and concerned departments should pay due attention to determinants like informal institutions and social constraints to boost women's entrepreneurial performance.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.311-318
• /
• 2022

Nepotism practices have had a severe impact on the social, ethical, and economic culture of not only corporations but also countries in the modern world. Nepotism behavior not only discourages the determined and motivated employee, but also has a detrimental impact on the worker's satisfaction, performance, and contribution to the firm's success. This increases economic tensions due to workers' dissatisfaction with their jobs and occasionally withdrawal intentions, resulting in poor economic activity and a decline in society as a whole. The purpose of this study is to see how organizations' nepotism affects individual work happiness, withdrawal behavior, social and ethical values, and the country's economic development. The study's target audience was private-sector employees, including managers, non-managerial staff, and middle and lower-level employees. Convenient sampling was used to ensure that the target population was accessible and available. The findings demonstrated that organizational nepotism causes substantial harm not only to employees but also to businesses and the economy. The employee who is happy with his or her job and working environment is less likely to withdraw.