• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.34
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• pp.259-284
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• 2014

$Ren{\acute{e}}$ Char and Yi Yuk-Sa have similarities to be accepted as representative poet of resistance in France and South Korea's history of literature. These similarities lead us to make a comparative study on two poets not having any positive influencing relationship. Their experiences as a independence fighter have a great effect on their whole works. This study applies concept of "Po-ethica" to compare features and values about their works. This concept anticipates ethical and existential throwbacks not an aesthetic throwback. Their poems are remarkable that they not only present a ethical perspectives surpassing the "lettrism" but also show the lyricism in poems of resistance surpassing patriotic and ideological appeal. This lyricism results from the pursuits of a true life not a confidence of the goodness. The similarities and differences in their works can be a clue for rediscovering the meaning and values of poems of resistance. Rilke said, "The Poem is the experience". Char's poems are more experiential than any other poet's poems. His poems of resistance show a personal life than deconstruction of discourse such as nationality and father land. On the other hand, Yuk-Sa's poems show a prospect of nature and the macrocosm. This naturalization of a resistance surpass a pastoral attitude of forgetting their phases of the times and reality. Therefore, their "Po-ethica" of resistance is valid today.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.199-203
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• 2021

This paper provides practical suggestions for how palliative care clinicians can address the expressions of spiritual struggle voiced by patients and their loved ones. In addition to practical tips for listening and responding, ethical guidance and opportunities for self-reflection related to spiritual care are briefly discussed. Principles to guide practice when the clinician is listening and responding to a patient expressing spiritual struggle include being non-directive, honoring (vs. judging) the patient's spiritual or religious experience, keeping the conversation patient-centered, focusing on the core theme of what the patient is expressing presently, using the patient's terminology and framing, and responding "heart to heart" or "head to head" to align with the patient. Ultimately, the goal of a healing response from a spiritual care generalist is to allow the patient to "hear" or "see" themselves, to gain self-awareness. To converse with patients about spirituality in an ethical manner, the clinician must first assess the patient's spiritual needs and preferences and then honor these.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.268-284
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• 1995

This study was designed to test effects of nursing ethics education (NEE) on moral reasoning and ethical decision making of subjects. This NEE that was teached for 10 hours course was composed of these : Nurses' ethical code, moral responsibility, Moral value and professional accountability, Respect for human life, General ethics, Theory and Norms of biomedical ethics, Ethical decision making model and Discussion about hypothetical ethical dilemmas Twenty-five senior student nurses were sampled from four year college of nursing from Nov. 3rd, 1993 to Nov. 24th, 1993. Data were collected through self-reported questionnaires included two kinds of tests. Rest's Defining Issues Test was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2 (instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3 (interpersonal concordance), the stage 4 (law and order), the stage 5A (societal consensus), and the stage 5B (intuitional humanism), the stage 6 (universal ethical practice). In particular, the level of principled thinking (P) was measured by summing these scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is 0 to 95. As for measuring the levels of morality and nursing dilemma, Crisham's Nursing Dilemma Test was adopted. This test generated the morality score(MS) and the dilemma score (DS). The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mc Nemar's test and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows ; 1. For the Moral Reasoning both before and after NEE, The Mean score of the stage 5A was significantly higher than that of other stages.(P=0.0001) Before NEE, the mean score of the stage 4 was significantly different from stage 2, 3, 5A, and after NEE, different from stage 2, 5B,6. 2. The analysis of change of moral development level revealed that the score of stage 4 increased after NEE.(P=0.0004) 3. The Effect of NEE for the mean score of 5A, 6, P after education was significantly different by birth place. 4. With regard to the five dilemmas postulated such as forcing medication performing cardiac pulmonary resuscitation, reporting a medication error, informing diagnosis to terminally ill adult, and providing new-nurse orientation, the mean score of the MS and the DS was no significant difference with general characteristics of the students. Effect of NEE morality score and dilemma score after education was no significant difference. 5. As for the correlations between moral reasoning and decision making, the score of the stage 2, 5A, 6, DS was positively correlated with the scores of before and after. Positive correlation was also observed between the scores of stage 2 and stage 4, stage 3 and 6. On the other hand, the score of P was negatively correlated with the scores of stage 2 and of stage 4 and of stage 5A. The score of the stage 5A was also negatively correlated with the score of the sge 6.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.307-322
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• 2009

More than 80% of Japanese still want to face death at home, but only 10% of them can have his/her last moments of life at home. On the other hand, the end-of-life care has been a big issue in both ethical and economic aspect because of euthanasia and healthcare costs. It is generally known that the end-of-life care spends much more than the care for nonterminal years. This study approaches the key for the end-of-life care and suggests a desirable solution.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.83-97
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• 2016

This review was performed to outline the food ethics to the professionals in the field of food science and industries. Food ethics is the ethics or ethical consideration concerning food; while, the keywords of food ethics are a life, happiness and the wisdom. The ultimate goal as well as the first principle of food ethics is a sustainable living of human race. In order to reach the goal a coexistence of humans and nature, coexistence of humans and humans, and the fulfillment of essential requirements of a food are needed. The needs yield six categorical imperatives such as a respect for life, preservation of nature, distributive justice without deception or fakes, prior consideration of consumer, moderation and balance neither overs nor shorts, and the assurance of safety. The core principles corresponding to the categorical imperatives include a respect for life, environmental preservation, justice, priority of consumer, dynamic equilibrium, and the priority of safety. The core principles approach is a simple, clear, and practical method in solving ethical issues. The code of food ethics is also based on the core principles.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 2007

It is not the best way to treat a hopeless patient with life-sustaining medical devices until the heart beats stop. Advanced medical technology may prolong the life for a significant period without recovery from the disease. However, it would give an unbearable economic burden to the family and the society. In 2006, we decided not to operate 9 patients with traumatic intracranial hematomas. We examined those patients with special references to possible legal and ethical problems. It is reasonable to withhold a treatment after documentation that the family never wants any life sustaining treatment when the treatment does not guarantee the meaningful life.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.153-162
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• 2020

The aim of modern medicine is to prolong life by fighting death. Doctors have traditionally believed that this was an ethical good deed. The negative connotation surrounding death has led to the avoidance of terminally ill patients. But in a modern society where death is medicalized, doctors have to see dying patients every day and are in a state of guilt from implementing meaningless life-sustaining treatments. Therefore, medical schools should allow medical students to embrace a new perspective through death education. Yonsei University Medical College has implemented death education since 2017 as an optional class for first and second year medical students. Students watch videos related to death once a week for 6 weeks and submit their reflections by e-mail. The professor reads the students' reflections and gives them weekly feedback. Through this coursework, students realize that death is not a medical event, but rather a part of life and completion. The ultimate purpose of death education is to transform blind life-absolutist identity into narrative identity.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.5672-5681
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to test the correlation of ethical values and perception of biomedical ethics in nursing students. Data was collected from September 10th to October 5th 2012, was analyzed using the t-test, the one-way ANOVA, the Scheffe, the Multiple regression and Pearson's correlation. The average point of consciousness of biomedical ethics was 2.98(${\pm}0.2$). The highest score of 3.27(${\pm}0.5$) was seen in the category of the ethics for 'right to life of the fetus', the lowest score of 2.70(${\pm}0.4$) was seen in the 'organ transplantation'. As a result of analyzing on general and specific aspects, the difference was found in gender and ethical values(F=6.148, p=<.001). In gender, the score of biomedical ethics(r=0.108, p=.003) and ethical values(r=-0.185, p=.002) were showing a positive correlation. The predictors of biomedical ethics was gender(${\beta}$=0.205, t=3.399, p=<.001), the possibility of biomedical ethics problems depend on the development of science (${\beta}$=0.142, t=2.261, p=0.025) and ethical values(${\beta}$=0.189, t=3.119, p=0.002). These results can provide a basic data to enhance the consciousness of biomedical ethics and establish a educational program of biomedical ethics for nursing students.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.109-130
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• 2012

In recent years, the volume of global fair trade has been increased rapidly. As the quality of life improves, consumers are increasingly concerned about fairness and environment and show positive attitudes toward ethical products. Fair trade is a social movement that aims to set fair prices for products, alleviate poverty, and assist producers marginalized by the traditional economic model. The study attempt to investigate empirically fair trade products purchase intention, so consumers attitude toward fair trade product purchase, normative belief, fairness restoration expectation, ethical responsibility are defined and their impacts on the purchase intention were analyzed. The statistical method used to test the hypotheses was multi-regression using SPSS 18 for window. The results of this study are follows. Purchase attitudes toward fair trade products and ethical responsibility had a significant effect on the purchase intention. The Effectiveness of the ethical responsibility had greater than that of the purchase attitudes. The result of the empirical study provides important implications for the fair trade related organizations and businesses.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.359-369
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• 2017

The purpose of the study was to identify the factors affecting the consciousness of biomedical ethics of the nursing students before clinical practice. Data were collected among 183 nursing students in G city, from June 12 to 30, 2017. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 WIN program. The level of attitude on the withdrawal of life sustaining treatment was $3.20{\pm}0.35$, ethical values was $3.55{\pm}0.27$, consciousness of biomedical ethics was $2.69{\pm}0.20$. Models including the variables, ethical values(${\beta}=.52$, p<.001), major satisfaction(${\beta}=.21$, p=.001), attitude on the withdrawal of life sustaining treatment(${\beta}=-.01$ p=.031), explained 36.6% of the variance in the consciousness of biomedical ethics. Based on the outcome of this study, steps should be taken to design intervention programs that emphasize a improve consciousness of biomedical ethics for nursing students in convergence era.