• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.330-339
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• 2003

Three kinds of macro-reticular bead-typed chelating resins having thiol groups were obtained from basic resins like poly(strene-co-divinylbenzene) (PSD) and poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate-co-divinylbenzene) (PSMD): the chelating resin (I) was prepared by chloromethylation of phenyl rings of PSD followed by thiolation using thiourea. The chelating resin (ll) was designed to provide enough space to chelate heavy metal ions; one chloromethyl group was obtained by chlorination of hydroxymethyl group provided by reduction of carboxylic ester group of PSMD and another chloromethyl group was obtained by direct chloromethylation of pendent phenyl group using chloromethyl methyl ether. Both of chloromethyl groups were thiolated by using thiourea. The chelating resin (III) was prepared by chlorosulfonation of phenyl rings of PSD followed by thiolation using sodium hydrosulfide. The adsorbtivity toward heavy metal ions was evaluated. The hydrophobic chelating resin (I) with thiol groups showed highly selective adsorption capacity f3r mercury ions. However, the chelating resin (II) with thiol groups showed mere effective adsorption capacity toward mercury ions than chelating resin (I) with thiol groups, and showed some adsorption capacity for other heavy metal ions like Cu$\^$2＋/, Pb$\^$2＋/, Cd$\^$2＋/ and Cr$\^$3＋/. On the other hand, the chelating resin (III) which have hydrophilic thiosulfonic acid groups was found to be effective adsorbents for some heavy metal ions such as Hg$\^$2＋/, Cu$\^$2＋/, Ni$\^$2＋/, Co$\^$2＋/, Cr$\^$3＋/ and especially Cd$\^$2＋/ and Pb$\^$2＋/.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.284-290
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• 1977

The lipid components, fatty acid compositions, physical and chemical characteristics of crude oil in Amorpha fruticosa seed were determined and proximate compositions of it were also analyzed. The results were summarized as follow: 1) The proximate composition showed moistrue to be 10.14%, crude protein to be 21.77%, crude fats to be 12.73%, carbohydrates to be 51.75% and crude ash to be 3.61%. 2) Specific gravity, refractive index, smoke point and titer of the crude oil were $0.925\;(15/15^{\circ}C)$, $1,477(15^{\circ}C)$, $175^{\circ}C$ and $14.8^{\circ}C$, respectively. 3) Iodine, saponification, acid, ester value and unsaponifiable content of the crude oil were 144, 182, 2.9, 179 and 5.17%, respectively. 4) Lipid components were separated by TLC and quantitatively determined by TLC scanner to give 75% triglycerides, 14% esterified sterols, 3.08% phospholipids, 4.4% free sterols and 3.77% free fatty acids. 5) Fatty acid compositions were quantitatively determined by GLC to give 76.21% linoleic acid, 9.92% palmitic acid, and 5.07% stearic acid as the main components, oleic, linolenic, palmitoleic and arachidic acid were presented in small quantities.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.556-564
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• 2018

In this study, polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-COOH composite membranes were prepared by adding 1, 2, 3, and 5 wt% of MWCNT-COOH to PEO/EVA respectively. The gas permeation properties of $N_2$, $O_2$ and $CO_2$ at $30^{\circ}C$ and 4~8 bar pressure were investigated. In each PEO/EVA/MWCNT-COOH composite membranes, the permeability of $CO_2$ increased with increasing the pressure, but the permeability of $N_2$ and $O_2$ were independent of the feeding pressure. As the MWCNT-COOH content increased, the $CO_2$ permeability increased and then decreased above 2 wt% MWCNT-COOH content. The 2 wt% MWCNT-COOH composite membrane exhibited a $CO_2/N_2$ selectivity of 77.8 and a $CO_2$ permeability of 84 barrer at 8 bar. The high $CO_2/N_2$ selectivity and $CO_2$ permeability were due to the high affinity between the quadrupolar $CO_2$, polar ether groups of PEO, and the polar ester groups of EVA. Additionally, the strong affinity between $CO_2$ and the -COOH groups on the MWCNT surface contributed to the high permeability of $CO_2$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 1999

We checked the presence of phospholipase $A_2(PLA)_2$ which could split the ester bond at the position 2 in the glycerol backbone of glycerophospholipids, in the cells of hyperthermophiles of Pyrococcus horikoshii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. The results obtained are as follows; (1). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells were grown in obligate anaerobic conditions at $95^{\circ}C$ and they needed sulfur as energy source instead of oxygen, while Sulfolobus acidocaldarius species grew well in the aerobic medium (pH 2.5) containing yeast and sucrose at $75^{\circ}C$. (2). Pyrococcus horikoshii cells produced phospholipase $A_2$ in the cell culture media although this species did not show lipase activity at least in the pH range of 1.5 ${\sim}$ 3.5. Sulfolobus acidocaldarius cells produced lipase hydrolyzing triacylglycerols such as triolein, but did not split any kind of phospholipids used as substates. (3). The compound of 1-decanoyl-2-(p-nitrophenylglutaryl) phosphatidylcholine was not suitable for a substrate in this experiment, though frequently used as a subtrate for checking presence of phospholipase $A_2$, for its decomposi-tion in this experiment. The L-${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-[N-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol]aminohexanoyl-${\gamma}$-hexadecanoyl labelled with a fluorescent material, did not show any migration of acyl chains in the molecule during the reaction with phospholipase $A_2$ under a hot condition. (4). Phospholipase $A_2$ in the cells of Pyrococcus horikoshii, showed the optimum activity at $pH6.7{\sim}7.2$ and $95{\sim}105^{\circ}C$, respectively, and was activated by addition of calcium chloride solution. Andthe phospholipase $A_2$ specifically hydrolyzed glycero-phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol, but could not split phospholipid containing ether bonds in the molecule such as DL -${\alpha}$-phosphatidylcholine-${\beta}$-palmitoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-${\alpha}$-phosphati- dylcholine-${\beta}$- oleoyl-${\gamma}$-O-hexadecyl, DL-phosphatidylcholine-dihexadecyl.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated permeation properties of single gas ($N_2$, $O_2$, $CO_2$) through membranes composed of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blend. The prepared membranes showed no new absorbance peaks, which indicate the physical blending of PEO and EVA by FT-IR analysis. SEM observation showed that the crystalline phase of PEO decreased with increasing EVA content in the PEO/EVA mixed matrix. DSC analysis showed that the crystallinity of the PEO/EVA blend membrane decreased with increasing EVA content. Gas permeation experiment was performed with various feed pressure (4~8 bar). The permeability increased in the following order: $N_2$ < $O_2$ < $CO_2$. The permeability of $CO_2$ in PEO/EVA blend membranes were increased with increasing feed pressure, However, the permeability of $N_2$ and $O_2$ were independent of feed pressure. On the other hand, the permeability of all the gases in PEO/EVA blend membranes increased with increasing amorphous EVA content in semi-crystalline PEO. In particular, the blend membrane with 40 wt% EVA showed $CO_2$ permeability of 64 Barrer and $CO_2/N_2$ ideal selectivity of 61.5. The high $CO_2$ permeability and $CO_2/N_2$ ideal selectivity are attributed to strong affinity between the polar ether groups of PEO or the polar ester groups of EVA and polar $CO_2$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2007

An antibacterial substance to the Streptococcus mutans, a causative bacterium for decayed teeth, was isolated from the dried sea mustard, Undaria pinnatifida, and identified by GC and GC/MS. Acetone extract from the sea mustard (10.4 kg), was evaporated and partitioned to 4 fractions such as hexane, chloroform, butanol and water. The most active chloroform fraction were further purified through basic alumina, silicic acid and ODS column, successively, and finally, 3 antibacterial substances were isolated on the HPLC attached ODS column by using 95% MeOH and guided with UV detector (254 nm). Antibacterial substances (total 160mg, yield $1.5\times10^{-3}$%) had the same Rf value (0.42) on the TLC developed hexane diethyl ether acetic acid (80:30:1) and those methyl esters moved to 0.95. They were identified as the same unsaturated fatty acid, $C_{18:4,\;n-3}$ (3,6,9,12-octadecatetraenoic acid, stearidonic acid) compared relative retention times (15.5 min) with authentic fatty acid on the GC chromatogram. It was further confirmed unambiguously on the GC/MS giving molecular ion peak at m/z 290 which coincided with its methyl ester.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.529-533
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• 2012

In this study, we compare various physicochemical properties of solvent extracted coals obtained at both mild and high temperature conditions. In order to characterize the extraction behavior, experiments were performed using a sub-bituminous coal (Kideco) and a polar solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, NMP), where the extraction temperature and the effect of solvent recycling were evaluated. As the extraction temperature increased up to $350^{\circ}C$, an extraction yield and a calorific value of the extracted coal increased, while an ash content of the extracted coal decreased. FT-IR results revealed that the surface of the coal extracted at $350^{\circ}C$ was found to contain more amide, aromatic ester, and aliphatic ether groups than that at the lower temperatures. The result of MALDI-TOF/MS analysis confirmed that the smaller molecules with 300~500 m/z were extracted at a mild condition, while the bigger molecules in the range of 500~1500 m/z were extracted at the high temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.341-347
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• 2019

In this study, the following is the result of measuring the quality characteristics of herbal wine and the active inhibition of Glutathione S-transferase in order to measure the release of physiological active substances according to the concentration of extracts. The pH level of herbal wine was 4.4, up from 3.9 before fermentation. These changes are attributed to fermentation and organic acids during alcoholic fermentation. The acidity of herbal wine was 0.55%, about six times higher than the pre-fermentation control of 0.09%. These results show that organic acids are used for flavor formation, ether, in combination with alcohol. The inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase were $5.1{\pm}0.31$ in herbal wine 15%, $6.5{\pm}0.6$ in herbal wine 20%, $7.6{\pm}0.6$ in herbal wine 25%, $8.4{\pm}0.2$ in herbal wine 30% and $9.7{\pm}0.7$ in herbal wine 35%. As the extract concentration was increased the inhibitory activity of glutathione S-transferase were significantly increased (<0.05).

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.776-788
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• 2012

Octa[8-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo)phenoxy}]octyl and octa[8-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo)phenoxycarbonyl}]heptanoated disaccharide derivatives were synthesized by reacting cellobiose, maltose, and lactose with 1-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo) phenoxy}octylbromide or 1-{4-(4'-cyanophenylazo)phenoxycarbonyl}]heptanoyl chloride, and their thermotropic liquid crystalline and photochemical phase transition behavior were investigated. All the {(cyanophenylazo)phenoxy} octyl disaccharide ethers (CADETs) formed monotropic nematic (N) phases, whereas all the {(cyanophenylazo) phenoxycarbonyl}heptanoated disaccharide esters (CADESs) exhibited enantiotropic N phases. Compared with CADETs, CADESs showed higher isotropic (I)-to-N phase transition temperatures. Photoirradiation of the disaccharide derivatives in a glass cell or in a cell with a rubbed polyimide (PI) alignment layer at a N phase resulted in disappearance of the N phase due to trans-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene, and the initial N phase was recovered when the irradiated sample was kept in the dark because of cis-trans thermal isomerization and reorientation of trans-azobenzenes. The rates of the photochemical N-I and the thermal I-N phase transition of disaccharide derivatives in a cell with a rubbed PI alignment layer were faster than those in a glass cell, and were significantly different from those observed for the monomesogenic compounds containing cyanoazobenzene and the 4-{4'-(cyanophenylazo)phenoxy}octyl glucose and cellulose ethers. The results were discussed in terms of difference in cooperative motion of azobenzene groups due to the flexibility of the main chain, the number of mesogenic units per repeating units, and the distance between the azobenzene groups.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7179-7188
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• 2015

Cancer is a major health obstacle around the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) as major causes of morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, there isgrowing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for HCC and CRC, owing to the anticancer activity of their bioactive constituents. Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate a variety of health problems such as inflammatory and arthritic diseases. The current study aimed to identify and explore the in vitro anticancer effect of B. Serrata bioactive constituents on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Oleo-gum-resin of B. Serrata was then successively extracted with petroleum ether (extract 1) and methanol (extract 2). Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the lipoidal matter was also performed. In addition, a methanol extract of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was phytochemically studied using column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain four fractions (I, II, III and IV). Sephadex columns were used to isolate ${\beta}$-boswellic acid and identification of the pure compound was done using UV, mass spectra, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR analysis. Total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo-gum resin were subsequently applied to HCC cells (HepG2 cell line) and CRC cells (HCT 116 cell line) to assess their cytotoxic effects. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter resulted in identification of tricosane (75.32%) as a major compound with the presence of cholesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol. Twenty two fatty acids were identified of which saturated fatty acids represented 25.6% and unsaturated fatty acids 74.4% of the total saponifiable fraction. GC/MS analysis of three chromatographic fractions (I,II and III) of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of pent-2-ene-1,4-dione, 2-methyl- levulinic acid methyl ester, 3,5- dimethyl- 1-hexane, methyl-1-methylpentadecanoate, 1,1- dimethoxy cyclohexane, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene and 17a-hydroxy-17a-cyano, preg-4-en-3-one. GC/MS analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of sabinene (19.11%), terpinen-4-ol (14.64%) and terpinyl acetate (13.01%) as major constituents. The anti-cancer effect of two extracts (1 and 2) and four fractions (I, II, III and IV) as well as volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines was investigated using SRB assay. Regarding HepG2 cell line, extracts 1 and 2 elicited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values equal 1.58 and $5.82{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to doxorubicin with an $IC_{50}$ equal $4.68{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. With respect to HCT 116 cells, extracts 1 and 2 exhibited the most obvious cytotoxic effect; with $IC_{50}$ values equal 0.12 and $6.59{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to 5-fluorouracil with an $IC_{50}$ equal $3.43{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. In conclusion, total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin proved their usefulness as cytotoxic mediators against HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines with different potentiality (extracts > fractions > volatile oil). In the two studied cell lines the cytotoxic acivity of each of extract 1 and 2 was comparable to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Extensive in vivo research is warranted to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of these bioactive natural products in cytotoxicity against HCC and CRC cells.