• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2000

아연 도금된 강철 타이어 코드의 접착성 향상을 위하여 아르곤 플라즈마로 에칭후 아세틸렌 또는 부타디엔 플라즈마 고분자 중합으로 코팅하였다. 플라즈마 고분자 중합은 10W, 30분, 30mTorr에서 실시하였으며, 아르곤 에칭은 90W, 30초, 30mTorr에서 실시하였다. 타이어 코드의 접착력은 TACT으로 측정하였으며, 파괴 표면을 주사전자현미경으로 분석하였다. 또한 플라즈마고분자로 코팅된 타이어 코드의 표면을 FT-IR, Alpha-step 및 접촉각 측정기로 분석하여 접착 메카니즘을 규명하고자 하였다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.104-109
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of acid etching treatment on surface characteristics and biological response of glass-infiltrated zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A hundred zirconia specimens were divided into four groups depending on surface treatments: untreated zirconia (group Z); acid-etched zirconia (group ZE); glass-infiltrated zirconia (group ZG); and glass-infiltrated and acid-etched zirconia (group ZGE). Surface roughness, surface topography, surface morphology, and Vickers hardness of specimens were evaluated. For biological response test, MC3T3-E1 cell attachment and proliferation on surface of the specimens were examined. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. Group ZGE showed the highest surface roughness ($Ra=1.54{\mu}m$) compared with other groups (P < .05). Meanwhile, the hardness of group Z was significantly higher than those of other groups (P < .05). Cell attachment and cell proliferation were significantly higher in group ZGE (P < .05). CONCLUSION. We concluded that effective surface roughness on zirconia could be made by acid etching treatment after glass infiltration. This surface showed significantly enhanced osteoblast cell response.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.127-133
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• 2003

The object of this study was to compare the microleakage between various composite resin systems of multistep, one-bottle, and self-etching systems using electrical conductivity. After making class V cavities ($4{\times}3{\times}1.5{\;}mm$ around CEJ), they were bulk filled with three kinds of resins of A3. Teeth were storaged in a saline solution for one day, after then, they were finished and polished using Sof-Lex system. Another stress of thermocycling was made for 500 times from $5^{\circ}{\;}to{\;}55^{\circ}C$ with each dwelling time of 10 seconds. Electrical conductivity (microamphere, $\mu\textrm{A}$) was checked four times: before and after cavity preparation, after filing, after thermocycling. One-way ANOVA and 95% Scheffe Post Hoc test was used for checking any statistical difference among groups. Another 95% Paired Samples T-test was also used for estimating any significant difference within group after cavity filling or thermocycling. The results were as follows: 1 Every specimen showed various range of microleakage after filing. There was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 2. All composite resin systems showed marked increase in microleakage with a thermocycling (p<0.05), there was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 3. Although there was no significant difference between groups (p=0.078), one-bottle and self-etching systems seemed to be unstable than multistep system. Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that much more consideration should be needed when using thermally unstable one-bottle and self-etching systems that have multi-advantages from simplified step. More studies will be needed to solve these kinds of problems.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.21.1-21.11
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the bonding effects of cleaning protocols on dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer residues using ethanol (E) or xylol (X). The effects of dentin acid etching immediately (I) or 7 days (P) after cleaning were also evaluated. For bonding to dentin, universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal; 3M ESPE) was used. The persistence of sealer residues, hybrid layer formation and microshear bond strength were the performed analysis. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty bovine dentin specimens were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10): G1 (E+I); G2 (X+I); G3 (E+P); and G4 (X+P). The persistence of sealer residues was evaluated by SEM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were taken to measure the formed hybrid layer using the Image J program. For microshear bond strength, 4 resin composite cylinders were placed over the dentin after the cleaning protocols. ANOVA followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn test were used for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively (α = 5%). Results: G2 and G4 groups showed a lower persistence of residues (p < 0.05) and thicker hybrid layer than the other groups (p < 0.05). No bond strength differences among all groups were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Dentin cleaning using xylol, regardless of the time-point of acid etching, provided lower persistence of residues over the surface and thicker hybrid layer. However, the bond strength of the universal adhesive system in etch-and-rinse strategy was not influenced by the cleaning protocols or time-point of acid etching.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.262-271
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to estimate shear bond strength according to difference in Targis surface treatment and storage condition. 140 non-carious extracted human molars and Targis D210(Ivoclar, Liechtenstein) were used in the present study and were divided into 7 experimental groups respectively according to surface treatment of Targis. Group 1 ; No treatment, Group 2 ; $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide blasting, Group 3 ; 4% HF etching for 3 minutes, Group 4 ; 4% HF etching after blasting, Group 5 ; silane treatment after blasting, Group 6 ; silane treatment after 4% HF etching, Group 7 ; silane treatment after blasting and 4% HF etching. In Each group, one half of 20 specimens was stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and the other half was stored at atmosphere for 24 hours respectively. Dentin surface was etched with 10% $H_3PO_4$ for 15 seconds and luting cement(Variolink II, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) was applied by manufacturer's recommendation. Shear bond strength for each group was then measured. To examine the failure patterns after shear bond test and to observe the change after surface treatment of Targis. Specimens were fabricated and observed under the SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by One Way ANOVA test and t-test. The results were as follows ; 1. The shear bond strength of the groups stored in water significantly lower than that of groups stored at atmosphere (P<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength in groups stored in water (P>0.05). 3. The shear bond strength without surface treatment of Targis were lowest among all experimental groups in atmosphere condition(P<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in bond strength between groups using the silane or not(P>0.05). 5. The groups treated by blasting, hydrofluoric acid and silane sequentially showed highest bond strength than that of other groups in atmosphere condition, but there was no significant difference(P>0.05). 6 The proportions of the specimens showing the mixed fracture failure were 20% in HF etching group and blasting + HF group, 40% in blasting + HF + silane group in atmosphere condition. All the specimens stored in water showed adhesive fracture failure.

• 구강회복응용과학지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2008

본 연구의 목적은 3종의 자가부식 프라이머(Clearfil SE Bond, AdheSE, Tyrian) 사용시 상아질계면의 접촉각 및 미세인장결합강도를 측정하는 것이다. 연마된 상아질 표면에 3종의 자가부식 프라이머를 각각 적용한 후 접촉각을 측정하였으며 (n=30), One-way ANOVA를 사용하여 통계처리하였다. 미세인장결합강도측정을 위해서는 상아질 표면에 3종의 자가부식 프라이머 및 상아질 접착제를 각각 적용한 후 광중합 복합레진 (Z 250)을 5mm 두께로 쌓아 올렸다. 그 후 각 시편을 결합계면에 수직으로 분할한 뒤 (n=45) universal testing machine을 사용하여 미세인장강도를 측정하였고, Kruskal-Wallis test를 통하여 통계처리하였다. 접촉각 측정결과, AdheSE, Clearfil SE Bond, Tyrian 순으로 높은 접촉각을 보였으며 각 군간 통계적 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다 (p<0.05). 미세인장결합강도 측정결과 Clearfil SE Bond군과 AdheSE군은 유의성 있는 차이를 보이지 않았으며, Tyrian군은 Clearfil SE Bond 군이나 AdheSE 군에 비해 유의성 있게 작은 미세인장결합강도를 보였다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.267-275
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• 2010

이번 연구의 목적은 맹출 또는 미맹출된 치아에 교정용 버튼을 부착 후 자가부식 접착제(self-etching adhesive)의 사용 유무에 대한 전단결합강도(shear bond strength)와 탈락모드를 비교하고자 함이다. 각각 84개의 맹출 또는 미맹출된 제3대구치를 사용하였다. 각각 치아의 협측면을 다음의 부착시스템 그룹으로 할당하였다. A, 기존방식: 1, Transbond XT (3M Unitek); 2, Prime & Bond NT (Dentsply/Caulk); 3, Single Bond (3M ESPE); B, 자가부식 접착제; 4, Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray); 5, Transbond Plus (3M Unitek); 6, Clearfil S3 (Kuraray); 7, G Bond (GC). 부착물의 전단강도와 접착제 잔류지수를 측정하였으며 결과값은 ANOVA와 independent t-test 및 chi-square 검증을 통해 분석되었다. 맹출 또는 미맹출된 치아의 전단결합강도를 비교하였을 때 Clearfil SE와 G Bond에서 유의한 차이가 관찰되었다. Single Bond를 제외한 모든 접착시스템에서 맹출보다는 미맹출 치아면에서 높은 접착강도가 관찰되었다. 기존 접착제를 사용하는 경우 맹출 또는 미맹출 치아에 대한 접착강도에는 차이가 없을 수 있다. 그러나 임상의사는 사용 전에 self-etching system의 종류를 고려할 필요가 있다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acid etching on the surface appearance and fracture toughness of five glass ionomer cements. Five kinds of commercially available glass ionomer cements including chemical curing filling type, chemical curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, light curing tilling type and light curing lining type were used for this study. The specimens for SEM study were fabricated by treating each glass ionomer cement with either visible light curing or self curing after being inserted into a rubber mold (diameter 4mm, depth 1mm). Some of the specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 0, 15, 30, 60, go seconds, at 5 minutes, 1 hour and 1 day after mixing of powder and liquid. Unetched ones comprised the control group and the others were the experimental groups. The surface texture was examined by using scanning electron microscope at 20 kV. (S-2300, Hitachi Co., Japan). The specimens for fracture toughness were fabricated by curing of each glass ionomer cement previously inserted into a metal mold for the single edge notch specimen according to the ASTME399. They were subjected to a three-point bend test after etching for 0, 30, 60, and 90 seconds at 5 minutes-, 1 hour-and 1 day-lapse after the fabrication of the specimens. The plane strain fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$) was determined by three-point bend test which was conducted with cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min using Instron universal testing machine (Model No. 1122) following seven days storage of the etched specimens under $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity condition. Following conclusions were drawn. 1. In unetched control group, crack was present, but the surface was generally smooth. 2. Deterioration of the surface appearance such as serious dissolving of gel matrix and loss of glass particles occured as the etching time was increased beyond 15 s following Immediate etching of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 3. Etching after 1 h, and 1 d reduced surface damage, 15 s, and 30s etch gave rough surface appearance without loss of glass particle of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 4. Light curing type glass ionomer cement was etched by acid, but there was no difference in surface appearances according to various waiting periods. 5. It was found that the value of plane stram fracture toughness of glass ionomer cements was highest in the light curing filling type as $1.79\;MNm^{-1.5}$ followed by the light curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, chemical curing filling type and chemical curing lining type. 6. The value of plane stram fracture toughness of the chemical curing lining type glass ionomer cement etched after 5 minutes was lower than those of the cement etched after 1 hour or day or unetched (P < 0.05). 7. Light curing glass ionomer cement showed Irregular fractured surface and chemical curing cement showed smooth fractured surface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.443-451
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• 2008

이 연구의 목적은 단일 접착 과정의 레진 시멘트인 Maxcem을 제조사의 지시대로 사용하는 것과 부가적인 산 부식과정을 추가하여 접착을 시도함에 있어 그 임상적 접착 강도를 알아보고자 하는 것이었다. 치아 우식에 이환되지 않은 120개의 상하악 구치를 사용하여 간접 수복물 제작을 위한 와동을 형성하고 금인레이와 간접복합레진(Synfony) 수복물을 제작하였다. 실험군은 수복물의 종류마다 사용한 시멘트의 종류와 방식에 따라 세 군으로 분류하였다. 최종적으로 102개의 와동 시편에 수복물의 접착을 위해 Maxcem을 사용한 군, 인산으로 부가적인 산부식 후에 Maxcem을 사용한 군, 그리고 대조군으로 다단계 전-산부식 (total-etching) 시멘트인 Variolink II 를 사용하여 접착한 실험군으로 각 군 당 17개씩으로 분류하였다. 자체 제작한 만능시험기로 push-out 접착 강도를 측정하고 와동 접착 표면적으로 나누어 단위 면적당 결합력으로 산출하였다. SPSS 12.0K 프로그램을 사용하여 one-way ANOVA와 95% 신뢰도의 Scheffe's Test로 각 실험군의 접착력를 비교하였다. 이 실험의 조건하에서는 Maxcem을 사용할 때, 간접수복물의 종류에 관계없이, 제조사의 지시 외에 부가적인 산부식 과정은 접착 강도를 감소시키는 역효과를 유발하였으며 더욱 강한 접착력을 필요로 하는 경우는 다단계 접착제를 사용하여 산부식 과정과 접착제 적용, 시멘트 도포 등을 분리하여 사용하는 것이 바람직하다.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2014

PURPOSE. Numerous methods were used to etch the fiber posts to improve its bonding to root canal dentin. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of 37% phosphoric acid in etching fiber posts in comparison with 24% hydrogen peroxide. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety human maxillary central incisors were taken and post space preparation was done. Ninety fiber posts were taken and divided into three groups (n=30) based on the surface treatment they received ($H_3PO_4$, $H_2O_2$, distilled water) and each group was further divided (n=10) based on the time period of application (15 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds). All the posts were luted into canals using Rely X UniCem-2. Each tooth was then sectioned into six slices and subjected to push out test. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis at P<.05. The surface topography was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS. Highest bond strength values were noted in 15 seconds etched phosphoric acid group and 60 seconds etched hydrogen peroxide group with no significant difference between two groups. Surface topography revealed complete epoxy layer removal with no damage to its structural integrity in those groups. CONCLUSION. $H_3PO_4$ etching for a period of 15 seconds is an effective alternative in improving the adhesion of fiber post to root dentin.