• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2000

Zinc plated steel tire cords were subjected to RF plasma etching of argon, followed by plasma polymerization coating of acetylene or butadiene in order to enhance adhesion to rubber compounds. Plasma polymerization was carried out under optimized conditions of 10 W, 30 sec, 30 mTorr for acetylene and butadiene gas, while plasma etching was performed at 90W, 10min and 30mTorr. The adhesion of tire cords was evaluated via Tire Cords Adhesion Test (TCAT) and the failure surfaces of the tested samples were analyzed by SEM. Polymer coating by plasma polymerization was also characterized by FT-IR, Alpha-Step and dynamic contact angle analyzer in order to elucidate the adhesion mechanism.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2017

PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of acid etching treatment on surface characteristics and biological response of glass-infiltrated zirconia. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A hundred zirconia specimens were divided into four groups depending on surface treatments: untreated zirconia (group Z); acid-etched zirconia (group ZE); glass-infiltrated zirconia (group ZG); and glass-infiltrated and acid-etched zirconia (group ZGE). Surface roughness, surface topography, surface morphology, and Vickers hardness of specimens were evaluated. For biological response test, MC3T3-E1 cell attachment and proliferation on surface of the specimens were examined. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test at a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS. Group ZGE showed the highest surface roughness ($Ra=1.54{\mu}m$) compared with other groups (P < .05). Meanwhile, the hardness of group Z was significantly higher than those of other groups (P < .05). Cell attachment and cell proliferation were significantly higher in group ZGE (P < .05). CONCLUSION. We concluded that effective surface roughness on zirconia could be made by acid etching treatment after glass infiltration. This surface showed significantly enhanced osteoblast cell response.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.127-133
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• 2003

The object of this study was to compare the microleakage between various composite resin systems of multistep, one-bottle, and self-etching systems using electrical conductivity. After making class V cavities ($4{\times}3{\times}1.5{\;}mm$ around CEJ), they were bulk filled with three kinds of resins of A3. Teeth were storaged in a saline solution for one day, after then, they were finished and polished using Sof-Lex system. Another stress of thermocycling was made for 500 times from $5^{\circ}{\;}to{\;}55^{\circ}C$ with each dwelling time of 10 seconds. Electrical conductivity (microamphere, $\mu\textrm{A}$) was checked four times: before and after cavity preparation, after filing, after thermocycling. One-way ANOVA and 95% Scheffe Post Hoc test was used for checking any statistical difference among groups. Another 95% Paired Samples T-test was also used for estimating any significant difference within group after cavity filling or thermocycling. The results were as follows: 1 Every specimen showed various range of microleakage after filing. There was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 2. All composite resin systems showed marked increase in microleakage with a thermocycling (p<0.05), there was, however, no difference between composite resin systems. 3. Although there was no significant difference between groups (p=0.078), one-bottle and self-etching systems seemed to be unstable than multistep system. Within the limits of this study, it was concluded that much more consideration should be needed when using thermally unstable one-bottle and self-etching systems that have multi-advantages from simplified step. More studies will be needed to solve these kinds of problems.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.21.1-21.11
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the bonding effects of cleaning protocols on dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer residues using ethanol (E) or xylol (X). The effects of dentin acid etching immediately (I) or 7 days (P) after cleaning were also evaluated. For bonding to dentin, universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal; 3M ESPE) was used. The persistence of sealer residues, hybrid layer formation and microshear bond strength were the performed analysis. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty bovine dentin specimens were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10): G1 (E+I); G2 (X+I); G3 (E+P); and G4 (X+P). The persistence of sealer residues was evaluated by SEM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were taken to measure the formed hybrid layer using the Image J program. For microshear bond strength, 4 resin composite cylinders were placed over the dentin after the cleaning protocols. ANOVA followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn test were used for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively (α = 5%). Results: G2 and G4 groups showed a lower persistence of residues (p < 0.05) and thicker hybrid layer than the other groups (p < 0.05). No bond strength differences among all groups were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Dentin cleaning using xylol, regardless of the time-point of acid etching, provided lower persistence of residues over the surface and thicker hybrid layer. However, the bond strength of the universal adhesive system in etch-and-rinse strategy was not influenced by the cleaning protocols or time-point of acid etching.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.262-271
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to estimate shear bond strength according to difference in Targis surface treatment and storage condition. 140 non-carious extracted human molars and Targis D210(Ivoclar, Liechtenstein) were used in the present study and were divided into 7 experimental groups respectively according to surface treatment of Targis. Group 1 ; No treatment, Group 2 ; $50{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide blasting, Group 3 ; 4% HF etching for 3 minutes, Group 4 ; 4% HF etching after blasting, Group 5 ; silane treatment after blasting, Group 6 ; silane treatment after 4% HF etching, Group 7 ; silane treatment after blasting and 4% HF etching. In Each group, one half of 20 specimens was stored in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours and the other half was stored at atmosphere for 24 hours respectively. Dentin surface was etched with 10% $H_3PO_4$ for 15 seconds and luting cement(Variolink II, Vivadent, Liechtenstein) was applied by manufacturer's recommendation. Shear bond strength for each group was then measured. To examine the failure patterns after shear bond test and to observe the change after surface treatment of Targis. Specimens were fabricated and observed under the SEM. Statistical analysis was performed by One Way ANOVA test and t-test. The results were as follows ; 1. The shear bond strength of the groups stored in water significantly lower than that of groups stored at atmosphere (P<0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in shear bond strength in groups stored in water (P>0.05). 3. The shear bond strength without surface treatment of Targis were lowest among all experimental groups in atmosphere condition(P<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in bond strength between groups using the silane or not(P>0.05). 5. The groups treated by blasting, hydrofluoric acid and silane sequentially showed highest bond strength than that of other groups in atmosphere condition, but there was no significant difference(P>0.05). 6 The proportions of the specimens showing the mixed fracture failure were 20% in HF etching group and blasting + HF group, 40% in blasting + HF + silane group in atmosphere condition. All the specimens stored in water showed adhesive fracture failure.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contact angle made by 3 kinds of self etching primers (Clearfil SE Bond, AdheSE, and Tyrian) on dentin and to measure the microtensile bond strength of resin composite to dentin using these self-etching primers. Contact angle between each of 3 self etching primers and polished dentin surface was measured (n=30) by contact angle analyzer and the result was analyzed by One-way ANOVA. For the measurement of microtensile bond strength, polished dentin surface was treated with each of 3 self etching primers and dentin adhesives. Z-250 composite resin was built-up with a height of 5 mm on the adhesive-treated surface and light cured for 40s with a halogen light curing unit. Thereafter, each tooth was sectioned into slabs perpendicular to the bonded interface and trimmed (n=45). The microtensile bond strength was measured with universal testing machine and the result was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. AdheSE group showed the highest contact angle followed by Clearfil SE group and Tyrian group (p<0.05). AdheSE group and Clearfil SE group showed significantly higher microtensile bond strength than Tyrian group (P<0.05).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) and failure-mode of orthodontic buttons bonded to erupted and unerupted teeth with conventional and self-etching adhesive systems. Methods: Eighty-four erupted and 84 unerupted, human third-molar teeth were used. For both groups, the buccal surfaces of each tooth were assigned one of the following type of adhesive systems (n = 12). A, Conventional systems: 1, Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); 2, Prime & Bond NT (Dentsply/Caulk, Milford, USA); 3, Single Bond (3M ESPE, Minnesota, USA); and B, Self-etching adhesives; 4, Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Okayama, Japan); 5, Transbond Plus (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA); 6, Clearfil S3 (Kuraray, Tokyo, Japan); 7, G Bond (GC, Tokyo, Japan). The SBSs of the attachments and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were recorded. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), independent-sample t-test and chi-square tests. Results: When the SBSs of erupted and unerupted teeth were compared, only the Clearfil-SE Bond and G-Bond were significantly different. Bond strengths of all adhesive systems were higher in unerupted teeth than erupted teeth, except the Single-Bond system. Conclusions: When using conventional adhesives, bonding to erupted and unerupted teeth may not be significantly different. However, clinicians need to take into consideration the types of self-etching systems before usage.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of acid etching on the surface appearance and fracture toughness of five glass ionomer cements. Five kinds of commercially available glass ionomer cements including chemical curing filling type, chemical curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, light curing tilling type and light curing lining type were used for this study. The specimens for SEM study were fabricated by treating each glass ionomer cement with either visible light curing or self curing after being inserted into a rubber mold (diameter 4mm, depth 1mm). Some of the specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 0, 15, 30, 60, go seconds, at 5 minutes, 1 hour and 1 day after mixing of powder and liquid. Unetched ones comprised the control group and the others were the experimental groups. The surface texture was examined by using scanning electron microscope at 20 kV. (S-2300, Hitachi Co., Japan). The specimens for fracture toughness were fabricated by curing of each glass ionomer cement previously inserted into a metal mold for the single edge notch specimen according to the ASTME399. They were subjected to a three-point bend test after etching for 0, 30, 60, and 90 seconds at 5 minutes-, 1 hour-and 1 day-lapse after the fabrication of the specimens. The plane strain fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$) was determined by three-point bend test which was conducted with cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min using Instron universal testing machine (Model No. 1122) following seven days storage of the etched specimens under $37^{\circ}C$, 100% humidity condition. Following conclusions were drawn. 1. In unetched control group, crack was present, but the surface was generally smooth. 2. Deterioration of the surface appearance such as serious dissolving of gel matrix and loss of glass particles occured as the etching time was increased beyond 15 s following Immediate etching of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 3. Etching after 1 h, and 1 d reduced surface damage, 15 s, and 30s etch gave rough surface appearance without loss of glass particle of chemical curing type of glass ionomer cements. 4. Light curing type glass ionomer cement was etched by acid, but there was no difference in surface appearances according to various waiting periods. 5. It was found that the value of plane stram fracture toughness of glass ionomer cements was highest in the light curing filling type as $1.79\;MNm^{-1.5}$ followed by the light curing lining type, chemical curing metal reinforced type, chemical curing filling type and chemical curing lining type. 6. The value of plane stram fracture toughness of the chemical curing lining type glass ionomer cement etched after 5 minutes was lower than those of the cement etched after 1 hour or day or unetched (P < 0.05). 7. Light curing glass ionomer cement showed Irregular fractured surface and chemical curing cement showed smooth fractured surface.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.443-451
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of additional etching procedure prior to Maxcem resin cement application in indirect restoration cementation using push-out bonding strength. One hundred and two extracted human molars were used to make indirect resin restorations of gold inlay and Synfony. These restorations were cemented using Maxcem and Variolink II. Additional etching procedures were done for one group with Maxcem. Three groups have 17 specimens in both restoration types. Push-out bond strength was measured using multi-purpose tester and calculated for bonding strength per sqaure-millimeter area. The mean bonding strength values were compared using SPSS 12.0K program for one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's Test with 95% significance. Under the condition of this study, the additional etching procedure prior to usage of Maxcem resulted in reduced bond strength for both of restoration types.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2014

PURPOSE. Numerous methods were used to etch the fiber posts to improve its bonding to root canal dentin. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of 37% phosphoric acid in etching fiber posts in comparison with 24% hydrogen peroxide. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Ninety human maxillary central incisors were taken and post space preparation was done. Ninety fiber posts were taken and divided into three groups (n=30) based on the surface treatment they received ($H_3PO_4$, $H_2O_2$, distilled water) and each group was further divided (n=10) based on the time period of application (15 seconds, 30 seconds, 60 seconds). All the posts were luted into canals using Rely X UniCem-2. Each tooth was then sectioned into six slices and subjected to push out test. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis at P<.05. The surface topography was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS. Highest bond strength values were noted in 15 seconds etched phosphoric acid group and 60 seconds etched hydrogen peroxide group with no significant difference between two groups. Surface topography revealed complete epoxy layer removal with no damage to its structural integrity in those groups. CONCLUSION. $H_3PO_4$ etching for a period of 15 seconds is an effective alternative in improving the adhesion of fiber post to root dentin.