• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.167-176
• /
• 2008

Supplementation of serum and estrogen in in vitro maturation(IVM) medium was shown to improve embryo development and quality in several species. This study investigates the effect of ovarian estrus stage on canine oocyte quality and supplementation of medium with canine serum or estrogen on IVM of canine oocytes. As results, in experimental 1, IVM oocytes collected from follicular stage ovaries to MII stages($10.2{\pm}1.5%$) was higher (p<0.05) with 10% canine estrus stage serum than control($1.3{\pm}1.6%$), anoestrus stage serum($4.0{\pm}1.6%$), luteal stage serum($2.7{\pm}1.7%$) and 10% FBS($1.3{\pm}1.6$). In experimental 2, 10% canine estrus stage serum supplementation has highest maturation rate to MII stages($10.0{\pm}1.8%$) and there were significant differences(P<0.05) with another treatment in follicular stages group. In order to investigate the synergic effect of estrous serum and estrogen supplementation, different estrous stage groups of oocytes were cultured with 2 ug/ml estrogen plus various concentrations of different reproductive stage serum and FBS(experimental 3). As results, the rate of maturation to metaphase II(MII) stage was significantly higher(p<0.05) in oocytes from the follicular stage supplemented with estrogen and 10% canine estrus stage serum(11.5%) compared to the other groups(6.0 - 8.8%). The present study was demonstrated that canine serum and the estrus cycle of the bitch affect the meiotic competence of oocytes. Hormonal influences within the follicle may be one of the factors responsible for the greater proportion of maturation of oocyte to MII from bitches at the follicular phase.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.120-125
• /
• 1984

The study was carried out to find out the changes of hormone levels in blood serum and milk of Holstein cows during the estrous cycle. The progesterone, estradiol-$17{\beta}$ from the blood serum and milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows; 1. The progesterone levels in blood serum during the estrous cycles began to decline rapidly at 2 days before estrus, decreased to $0.27{\pm}0.18ng/ml$ at on the day of estrus, and reached a peak mean level of $3.33{\pm}0.47ng/ml$ at 15 days after estrus. 2. The progesterone levels in milk during the estrous cycles began to decline rapidly at 2 days before estrus, decreased to $0.80{\pm}0.18ng/ml$ on the day of estrus, and increased a peak mean level of $3.80{\pm}0.36ng/ml$ at 15 days after estrus. 3. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in blood serum during the estrous cycles showed a peak mean level of $9.79{\pm}1.72pg/ml$ on the day of estrus, and decreased from $4.79{\pm}1.82pg/ml$ to $5.73{\pm}0.96pg/ml$ at luteal phase. 4. The estradiol-$17{\beta}$ levels in milk during the estrous cycles showed a peak mean level of $36.80{\pm}2.04pg/ml$ on the day of estrus, and decreased from $18.93{\pm}0.84pg/ml$ to $19.50{\pm}1.12pg/ml$ at luteal phase. 5. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from the blood serum progesterone levels were 87.5% for non pregnant cows (<2.0ng/ml), and 83.3% for pregnant cows ($${\geq_-}$$3.0 ng/ml). The accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from the milk progesterone levels were 75.0% for non-pregnant cows (<2.4 ng/ml), and 94.4% for pregnant cows ($${\geq_-}$$3.2 ng/ml).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.5
• /
• pp.491-497
• /
• 1998

Four types of serum supplements viz. estrus cow serum (ECS), estrus buffalo serum (EBS), pro-estrus buffalo serum (PrBS) and post-estrus buffalo serum (PtBS), added to TCM-199, were evaluated for in vitro maturation and fertilization of buffalo follicular oocytes. The oocytes were recovered from buffalo ovaries after slaughter, using either aspiration or scoring (multiple incisions) method. The recovered oocytes were categorized as A, B and C based on their cumulus investment and ooplasm homogeneity and cultured in four media. The in vitro matured oocytes were inseminated with $1{\times}10^6$ spermatozoa washed in 2.9% sodium citrate solution. The scoring method yielded greater number of morphologically good oocytes than the aspiration method (3.85 vs 1.76 per ovary, p < 0.01). The maturation rates of three categories of oocytes did not differ from one another. The maturation rates of 80.00, 82.08, 78.77 and 66.23%, while the fertilization rates of 54.54, 55.38, 52.80 and 36.76% were recorded for media containing ECS, EBS, PrBS, and PtBS, respectively. The medium containing PtBS gave lower maturation, as well as fertilization, rates than the other three media (p < 0.05). Thus, the scoring method was better than the aspiration method for the recovery of follicular oocytes. The oocytes categorized A, B and C had similar maturation capabilities. The TCM-199 containing buffalo/cow serum collected at pro-estrus or estrus appeared better for in vitro maturation and fertilization of buffalo follicular oocytes than that containing serum collected at post estrus.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.151-156
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to get a fundamental information for improvement of reproductive performance in gilt. We investigated the effects of breeds on body weight, age, body length, wither's height, girth and backfat thickness, and the serum concentrations of estradiol-17${\beta}$, cortisol and progesterone at first estrus and mating of gilts. A total of 47 gilts of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire, produced at Livestock Experiment Station, Chungnam livestock sanitation research institute from 2000 through 2002, were used for this experiment. Body weight, age and girth of Duroc at frist estrus and mating were higher than those of Landrace and Yorkshire. There were no differences on body length among the three breeds at frist and mating. Wither's height of Duroc and Yorkshire at first estrus and mating was higher than that of Landrace. Backfat thickness of Yorkshire was thinnest among the three breeds at first estrus, but there were no differences on backfat thickness among the three breeds at first mating. Serum estradiol-17${\beta}$ concentration of Landrace(45.0 pg/ml) at first estrus was higher than that of Yorkshire(27.4 pg/ml) and Duroc(21.8 pg/ml), but there were no differences on estradiol-17${\beta}$ concentration (from 18.5 to 31.9 pg/ml) among the three breeds at first mating. Serum cortisol concentration of Duroc at first esturs and mating was higher than that of Landrace and Yorkshire. There were no differences on serum progesterone concentration among the three breeds at first estrus and mating of gilt.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.167-170
• /
• 1981

Changes in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (s-GOT) activities, serum alkaline phosphatase activities and serum total protein amounts were investigated on seven Korean native cows having normal estrus cycle of 18~24 days after normal parturition, dividing estrus cycle into estrus (0~1 days), metestrus (2~6 days), diestrus (7~16 days), proestrus (17~20 days). The results were as follows. 1. Serum GOT activities at estrus ranged from 73.5 to 121.5 Ku with a mean of $89.14{\pm}17.16$ Ku, at metestrus 57 to 89 Ku with a mean of $67.01{\pm}10.81$ Ku, at diestrus 54 to 89.5 Ku with a mean of $67.05{\pm}10.05$ Ku and at proestrus 53 to 112 Ku with a mean of $73.00{\pm}20.05$ Ku. The activities were significantly increased at the estrus comparing with other stages (P<0.01). 2. Serum ALP activities at estrus ranged from 8.0 to 10.4 K-Au with a mean of $8.74{\pm}0.83$ K-Au, at metestrus 6.5 to 9.2 K-Au with a mean of$7.74{\pm}0.76$ K-Au, at diestrus 5.6 to 9.0 K-Au with a mean of $7.67{\pm}1.13$ K-Au, at proestrus 6.2 to 9.3 K-Au with a mean of $7.12{\pm}1.18$ K-Au. The significance was not recognized among the stages of estrus cycle. 3. Serum total protein amounts at estrus ranged from 6.45 to 8.0g/10dl with a mean of $7.25{\pm}0.57/100dl$, at metestrus, 6.37 to 7.9g/100dl with a mean of $7.65{\pm}0.50g/100dl$, fat diestrus, 6.56 to 8.67g/100dl, with a mean of $7.53{\pm}0.55g/100dl$ and at proestrus 5.94 to 7.71g/100dl with a mean of $6.54{\pm}0.65g/dl$. There was not significance among the stages of estrus cycle.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.94-99
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to determine the effects of uterus shortening on the duration required for estrus, the number of ovulation and the level of serum progesterone and prostaglandin $F_{2}{\alpha} (PGF_{2}{\alpha} $). The duration required for estrus after the surgical shortening of uterine horns and the interval between the following estrus was not affected by the surgical treatment but affected by luteal and follicular phase. The number of ovulations were increased by induction of superovulation to gilts with shortened uterine horns compared to the control. Serum progesterone concentration during the luteal phase was higher than that during the follicular phase with no difference between the control and me horns than that of the control. Findings of this study indicate that luteal formation and regressions and estrus cycle were normal when the unconnected parts of uterine horns were left in abdominal cavity. Therefore surgical shortening of uterine horns of sows helps embryo collections by non-surgical methods.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.127-131
• /
• 1994

In order to examine the effects of PGF2$\alpha$ on intervals from weaning to estrus and serum progesterone levels seventeen crossbred primiparious sows were randomly alloted to two groups. One group was injected intramuscularly on the day of weaning with 10 mg PGF2$\alpha$ (10mg/2ml, Lutylase). The other group was treated with saline as a control. Serum progesterone concentrations were determined at 24 hour intervals for 12 days after weaning. A serum progesterone level in PGF2$\alpha$-treated group was reached to the lowest level(1.19$\pm$0.38 ng/ml) on day 3 after weaning and remained low(1.26~1.43ng/ml) thereafter. Whereas, the control group showed the lowest level of progesterone on day 4 after wearing, then showed a rapid increase up to 5.02$\pm$0.38ng/ml on day 8 and a rapid decrease was followed. The PGF2$\alpha$ treated group showed an interval from weaning to estrus(5.2$\pm$0.8 days) approximately 2 days shorter than the control(7.4$\pm$3.0 days)(p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.163-167
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to get a fundamental information fur improvement of reproductive performance in gilt. We investigated the effects of breeds on body weight, age, body length, wither's height, girth and backfat thickness, and the serum concentrations of estradiol-17$\beta$, cortisol and progesterone at first estrus and mating of gilts. A total of 47 gilts of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire, produced at Livestock Experiment Station, Chungnam Livestock Sanitation Research Institute from 2000 through 2002, were used for this experiment. Body weight, age and girth of Duroc at first estrus and mating were higher than those of Landrace and Yorkshire. There were no differences on body length among the three breeds at first estrus and mating. Wither's height of Duroc and Yorkshire at first estrus and mating was higher than that of Landrace. Backfat thickness of Yorkshire was thinnest among the three breeds at first estrus, but there were no differences on backfat thickness among the three breeds at first mating. Serum estradiol-17$\beta$ concentration of Landrace (45.0 pg/ml) at first estrus was higher than that of Yorkshire (27.4 pg/ml) and Duroc (21.8 pg/ml), but there were no differences on estradiol-17$\beta$ concentration (from 18.5 to 31.9 pg/ml) among the three breeds at first mating. Serum cortisol concentration of Duroc at first estrus and mating was higher than that of Landrace and Yorkshire. There were no differences on serum progesterone concentration among the three breeds at first estrus and mating of gilt.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 1990

Behavioural estrus and short estrous cycles were observed and serum concentrations of estradiol-17$\beta$(E2) before and after of estrous were measured following superovulation treatments in 30 pluriparous Korean native goats. The goats were divided into 2 groups. Fifteen goats were injected IM with 1,000IU PMSG on Day 12 of the estrous cycle followed by 10mg PGF2$\alpha$ 48h later(P4＋PMSG), and the other 15 goats were injected IM with 10mg progesterone(P4)in oil once daily for 10d beginning at any days of estrous cycle followed by 1,000IU PMSG and 10mg PGF2$\alpha$ at the 8th day of progesterone treatment(P4＋PMSG group). After injection of PGF2$\alpha$, onset of standing estrus occurred in 12 of 15 goats(80.0%) at 50.0$\pm$7.7h and in 11 of 15 goats(73.3%) at 135.6$\pm$10.1h in PMSG and group and P4＋PMSG group, respectively. The mean interval from PGF2$\alpha$ injection to first estrus was significantly(P<0.01) earlier in PMSG group than in P4＋PMSG group. This result indicate that the delayed infusion of P4 in P4＋PMSG group caused the later exhibition of their estrous behaviors. However, duration fo frist estrus(31.5$\pm$2.6h vs 26.2$\pm$2.3h), length of estrous cycle(14.1$\pm$3.3d vs 16.6$\pm$3.8d) and percentage of short estrous cycle(50.0% vs 45.5%) were not different between PMSG and P4＋PMSG group. The mean concentration of serum E2 in 4 goats showing normal estrous cycle in P4＋PMSG group(PP-NEC) was higher than in 6 goats showing normal(P-NEC) or in 6 goats showing short estrous cycle(P-SEC) in PMSG group. The peak level of serum E2 was observed at the time of onset of standing estrus in PP-NEC(67.6pg/ml), 6h earlier in P-NEC(53.1pg/ml) and 6h later in P-SEC(52.3pg/ml) than the onset of standing estrus. The profiles of serum concentration of E2 during the period of peri-estrus was similar in the goats of PMSG or P4＋PMSG and also in the goats showing the subsequent estrous cycle of normal or short length.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.183-189
• /
• 2020

The pregnancy rate in indigenous ewes inseminated with frozen-thawed Suffolk semen following natural and synchronized estrus was determined. The serum Progesterone and Estrogen concentration and vaginal electrical resistance (VER) of ewes at the time of Artificial Insemination (AI) were observed as successful pregnancy determinants. 21 healthy ewes were selected for this experiment during January-April, 2017. 10 ewes were inseminated in natural estrus. Whereas, 11 ewes were inseminated after estrus synchronization using intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate. Trans-cervical Al (TCAI) was performed in all ewes within 12-16 hours of observed heat. Prostaglandin E₁ analogue impregnated vaginal sponge was used for cervical relaxation 6-8 hours before insemination. Pregnancy was diagnosed through trans-abdominal ultrasonography after 40 days of AI. The pregnancy rate of ewes in synchronized estrus was higher (54.5%) than in natural estrus (30%). Higher serum Progesterone level (0.90 ± 0.02 ng/mL) and significantly (p < 0.001) lower VER (257.78 ± 10.11 ohm) were observed at the time of AI in ewes becoming pregnant. Results suggest that higher Progesterone concentration and lower VER could be considered as pregnancy indicators. Oestrous synchronization could be implemented to increase the pregnancy rate in ewes.