• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.287-290
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• 2010

On January 6, 2010, two months earlier than normal breeding season, a red fox vixen was implanted with synthetic GnRH analogue, Deslorelin. Blood was sampled every 2~3 days from the day of implant to identifying spermatozoa on stains of epithelial cells. Estradiol and progesterone were examined. Even though the vixen was in non-breeding season, she was mated by a male fox. Pregnancy was confirmed by canine pregnancy detection kit that detect relaxin released from placenta. Four healthy pups were born on March 9, 2010. This is the first report showing synthetic GnRH can activate ovarian function and lead to fertile estrus of red fox in non-breeding season.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.2148-2161
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• 2019

In this paper, we present a real-time cattle action recognition algorithm to detect the estrus phase of cattle from a live video stream. In order to classify cattle movement, specifically, to detect the mounting action, the most observable sign of the estrus phase, a simple yet effective feature description exploiting motion history images (MHI) is designed. By learning the proposed features using the support vector machine framework, various representative cattle actions, such as mounting, walking, tail wagging, and foot stamping, can be recognized robustly in complex scenes. Thanks to low complexity of the proposed action recognition algorithm, multiple cattle in three enclosures can be monitored simultaneously using a single fisheye camera. Through extensive experiments with real video streams, we confirmed that the proposed algorithm outperforms a conventional human action recognition algorithm by 18% in terms of recognition accuracy even with much smaller dimensional feature description.

• 한국수정란이식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수정란이식학회 2002년도 국제심포지엄
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• pp.92-92
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• 2002

Considerable attention has been focused on the cryopreservation of semen and estrus induction in dog, as consequence of poor productivity caused by long anestrus period, in order to enhance the productivity of youngs and to preserve the breeds. The objectives of this study were to evaluate semen quality after cryopreservation and to evaluate the Pregnancy rate after insemination (AI). Fifty infertilie dogs (age 2∼3 years) were selected for the study and divided into three different estrus induction treatment groups. Group 1: dogs (n=15) were given clomifene (0.1 mg/kg) orally for five days at 12 hr intervals. Group 2: dogs (n=15) were given bromocriptine (50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) orally for five days at 12 hr intervals, followed by single injection intravenously of 500 IU GnRH (Group 3, n=20) when pro-estrus occurred. The rates of pregnancy in estrus inducted dogs mated naturally compared to those inseminated artificially with ejaculated fresh semen and frozen-thawed semen. Estrus detection was performed using the method of vaginal smear and confirmed by the plasma progesterone assay. The ejaculated semen to freeze was exposed to a mixture of Tris extender with cryoprotectant (Trisma, 81 mM: TES, 209 mM: citric acid, 6 mM; glucose, 5 mM; glycerol, 8%) and cryopreserved gradually by slow-cooling at 17 cm above the surface of liquid nitrogen (LN$_2$) for 23 min. The motility of frozen-thawed spermatozoa was assessed by phase-contrast microscopy. To assess their viability and acrosome content, spermatozoa were stained with a vital stain and Fluorescence conjugated lectin Pisum Savitum Agglutinin (FITC/PAS), respectively. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonograpy on day 25, 35 and 55 post insemination. The use of fresh semen, the pregnancy rates were observed 66.6, 66.6, 75.0 and 83.3% in natural estrus, clomifene induced, bromocriptine induced and a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine, respectively. The use of frozen-thawed semen, the pregnancy rates were observed 66.6, 33.3, 50.0 and 60.0% in natural estrus, clomifene induced, bromocriptine induced and a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine, respectively. No difference was observed in the number of offspring produced among natural estrus and treated groups inseminated with fresh or frozen-thawed semen. In conclusion, the pregnancy rate of dogs treated with a combination of GnRH and bromocriptine was more effective than use of clomifene or bromocriptine only. In addition, frozen-thawed semen can be used successfully far artificial insemination in dog.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.267-273
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• 1992

The purpose of present study was to investigate the progesterone concentrations throughout gestation and peripartum period, and the return to the first estrus postpartum for improvement of reproductive efficiency in Korean native goats. The average length of gestation was 148 days(range : 144~154 days) and the average number of live births was 2 kids(range : 1~5 kids) in 12 Korean native goats. Progesterone concentrations were measured in blood samples taken from 12 goats every 5 days during gestation period. Plasma progesterone concentrations were 0.10 ng/ml at Day 0 of pregnancy and increased gradually until Day 20(6.58 ng/ml). Then they decreased slightly from Day 30 to 40(range : 4.32~4.82 ng/ml), increased again after Day 40 and remained thereafter until Day 140(range : 4.32~10.36 ng/ml). The progesterone levels declined sharply to basal levels at parturitum. Plasma progesterone concentrations during the pestpartum were 6.98 ng/ml at 10 days, 4.86 ng/ml at 6 days 3.18 ng/ml at 2 days before parturition, and 0.10 ng/ml at parturition, respectively. The basal levels were maintained until the first estrus postpartum. The mean intervals from parturition to the first estrus postpartum on the basis of progesterone determination and estrus detection were $100{\pm}64(mean{\pm}S.D.)$ days in 7 Korean native goats.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.251-255
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• 2008

The aim of the present recent study was to compare the protein patterns in the vaginal mucus of Hanwoo cattles during spontaneous and CIDR induced-estrus. Ten cattles, who had been observed in estrus, received no treatment and served as the group of cattles with normal spontaneous estrus. Thirteen cattles in the CIDR received an CIDR insert on day 14 were removed and cattles were injected GnRH on day 15. Vaginal mucus samples were collected from all cattles at the same time the single AI in cattles with spontaneous estrus and the AI in cattles with induced estrus. Spontaneous and CIDR-induced estrus vaginal mucus samples were analyzed on two different array surfaces: cation-exchange (CM10), anion-exchange (Q10). In addition, using the NaCl solution by which the proteins combined after washing are 0.5, 1 and 2 M, it was fractionated and a protein was collected successively. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Ionic surfaces chemistries (Q10 and CM10) gave the best results in terms of detectable protein peaks, with more than 100 protein peaks in the two fractions and under each condition. 2) Protein mass spectrometer using 11 different proteins in protein identification of 7 were able to determine the protein. List of identified proteins as follows; Ribosome-binding protein 1, GRIP 1-associated protein 1, Katanin p60 ATPase-containing subunit A-like 1, Protein FAM44A, DUF729 domain-containing protein 1, Prolactin precursor, Dihydrofolate erductase. Conclusively, on the basis of this study, protein expression in the vaginal mucus could be used as an indicator for time of estrus manifestation in order to increase conception rates by applying AI at an optional time.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.140-147
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• 1985

Seventy four Holstein heifers were randomly assigned over three trials to PRID-7+PG-6 and Synchromate B-9 regimens to synchronize estrus cycle for embryo transfer. Sexual behaviors; moounting, standing, orientation, chin-resting, sniffing, licking, rubbing and butting, vaginal swelling and mucus discharge were observed between 06-08, 12-14 and 18-20 h on 1st day and 00-02, 06-08, 12-14 and 18-20 h on 2nd day after removal of hormones. Synchromate-B treatment (81.6%) showed higher synchronized estrus rate than PRID treatment (77.8%) during observation period. Standing estrus was observed within 74 h after PG injection in PRID and within 52 h after removal of implant in Synchromate-B. About 68% of heifers in PRID and 74% of heifers in Synchromate-B showed standing estrus between 0-14 h on 2nd day after removal of the hormones. Synchromate-B resulted in a tighter synchrony of standing estrus than PRID. Incidence of average mounting and standing per head during observation period was 22.3 and 16.6 in PRID and 28.1 and 13.6 in Synchromate-B. The PRID showed peak in active mounting at 18-20 h on 1st day, however, the Synchromate-B showed at 0-2 h on 2nd day after removal of hormone. Active standing was shown between 18 h on 1st day to 20h on 2nd day in PRID, however, between 0-14 h on 2nd day after removal of hormone is Synchromate-B. There was slight difference in pattern of active mounting and standing during estrus between PRID and Synchromate-B. Conception rate of synchronized heifers transferred with fresh and frozen embryos by non-surgical and surgical methods was higher in synchromate-B (62.5%) than in PRID (38.5%). Chin-resting showed highest incidence among 6 sexual behavioral components in the both treatments. Synchromate-B showed higher incidence of chin-resting (16.6) than PRID (10.7). Synchromate-B group showed also higher incidence of orientation, sniffing and butting than PRID group. Synchromate-B resulted in more active sexual behaviors than PRID. The pattern of incidence of chin-resting, licking and butting was almost symmetrical in PRID with their peak values at 6-8 h on 2nd day, however in Synchromate-B chin-resting and sniffing was symmetrical with their peak values at 12-14 h on 2nd day after removal of hormone. There was tendency to increase vaginal swelling according to time passage of synchronized estrus in the both treatments. Incidence of mucus discharge in Synchromate-B was slightly higher than in PRID. Twenty to 40% was false negative in conception rate by tall painting before re-estrus day as judged by rectal palpation.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.177-184
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to analyze the accuracy of estrus detection of heat detector and analysis of estrus behavior (mounting and mounted), and the evaluation of conditions required for improving reproductive efficiency in Holstein dairy cows fitted with a estrous detector. The heat detection system consists of estrous detector based on wireless sensor and an electric bulletin board displayed estrus behavior data. When cow mounting other cows, the accuracy of estrus behavior displayed an electric bulletin board were 87.5% (mounting other cows only), 100% (mounting other cows but not standing), 80.0% (mounting other cows with standing for 1~4 seconds), 90.0% (mounting other cows but not standing for 1~4 seconds), 80% (mounting other cows with standing for more than 5 seconds) and 90.0% (mounting other cows but not standing for more than 5 seconds). When cow mounted other cows, the accuracy of estrus behavior displayed an electric bulletin board were 100% (mounted other cows but not standing), 100% (mounted other cows with standing for 1~4 seconds), 100% (mounted other cows but not standing for 1~4 seconds) and 100% (mounted other cows with standing for more than 5 seconds). Circadian distribution of first observed in estrus were 59.1% (am 8~pm 6) and 40.9% (pm 6~am 8). Distribution for the number of estrus behavior were 40.9% (less than 3 times), 36.4% (4~6 times) and 22.7% (more than 4 times). The conception rates relative to interval from first estrus behavior to insemination for estrus periods were 23.1% (less than 11 hours) and 55.6% (12~20 hours).

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

The increase in the total number of cows on farms, which breed Korean Native Cattle (KNC), is associated with many problems. In particular, the services per conception and calving interval have increased. In this study, we examined the effect of dietary supplementation with vitamin and mineral complex on the estrus rate, pregnancy rate, gestation length, and birth weight of KNC calves. Multiparous or primiparous KNC were divided into 3 groups with 40 heads per group. Experimental group 1 was administered a consisting of 35,000 IU vitamin A, 100 IU vitamin E, 200 mg $\beta$-carotene, 200 mg Zn methionine, and 1.5 mg Se. Experimental group 2 was administered a vitamin complex (100 g/day) consisting of 100 IU vitamin E and 200 mg $\beta$-carotene. In the case of multiparous KNC, the estrus detection rate in the control group was 90.0% and those in the experimental groups were 75.0% to 95.0%. However, the first-service pregnancy rate after parturition in the control group was 41.2%, which was significantly lower than that in the experimental groups (71.0% to 76.7%; p<0.05). The average duration of pregnancy in the group supplemented with the vitamin complex was days, which was similar to that in the case of the control group. The birth weight of calves from cows fed with vitamin complex was 25.3 to 27.0 kg, which was similar to that in the case of the control group (25.2 to 26.0 kg). In the case of primiparous KNC, no differences in the estrus rate, pregnancy rate, gestation length, or the birth weight of calves were noted between the groups. Thus, dietary supplementation vitamin and mineral complex have no effect on the reproductive efficiency in primiparous cows, but the pregnancy rate was observed to have increased in multiparous KNC with these supplements.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2023

Background: Research on the reproductive physiology of Water and Sika deer, an endemic in Korea, still needs to be completed. This study analyzed the ovarian development and morphological characteristics of wild Water deer and Sika deer. Methods: Water deer and Sika deer ovaries were collected from the Korean Peninsula and Russia-Korean Peninsula border during the estrus and pregnancy seasons, respectively. And, morphological and physiological analysis and immunohistochemistry were conducted to confirm the detection of Ca²⁺ and assess the morphological changes in the ovaries. Results: The results of morphological analysis of ovaries during pregnancy and estrus, the development of the corpus luteum and follicles of Water deer showed similar patterns to other mammals. In contrast, the corpus luteum of Sika deer differed in tissue morphology and composition from Water deer. Ca²⁺ related to tissue metabolism was detected in the theca cells zone of Water deer on the estrus and was highly detected in the luteum cells zone during pregnancy. The hormone receptor protein expression patterns were generally higher in the ovaries of Water deer on the estrus and the pregnancy than in Sika deer. The expression of LH receptor was relatively low in the lutein cell zone, unlikely that of Water deer. The expression of VEGF was also different from Water deer, and the response in Sika deer was relatively very low compared to Water deer in expressing all proteins-related development. Conclusions: Therefore, the results of the study were shown that the composition of the corpus luteum of Sika deer is not clear compared to Water deer, and there are many differences in the functional and morphological formation of the corpus luteum.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.652-657
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• 2018

젖소농가에서 착유생산성에 영향을 미치는 번식관리는 매우 중요한 요소이다. 젖소에서 번식관리는 발정의 조기 발견이 중요하며, 보다 정확하고 신속한 젖소의 발정시기에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 자동 모니터링이 농가에는 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 젖소의 발정유무, 활동량변화, 반추위 운동량, 반추위 온도 및 pH 등을 측정하는 기기를 활용하여 발정에 대한 정확도를 측정하였다. 연구에 사용된 생체정보기기 S1(Smaxtec, Austria)는 반추위 내 삽입형타입으로 반추위의 온도, pH, 젖소의 활동량 및 음수횟수 추정 등을 이용하여 발정 유무의 알림을 제공하고, S2(Healthy Cow 24, SCR. Allflex. Israel)는 목걸이 타입으로 반추위 운동량, 젖소의 활동량으로 발정의 유무를 알려준다. 기기에서 수집되는 데이터는 1일 2시간 간격으로 획득하였고, 각각의 기준일(Reference day: RD ; -7~-3, +7~+3)은 수정일(-2, -1, 0, +1, +2)이 5일과 수정 전 7일에서 수정 후 7일에 대한 평균값을 기준으로 비교하였다. 본 논문에서 사용된 S1 기기의 활동성은 기준일(RD : $10.2{\pm}1.0/day$)에 비해 수정일(-1 : $12.5{\pm}1.03/day$ ;0 : $12.9{\pm}1.73/day$)에서 증가 하는 것으로 나타났다. S2 기기의 활동성 또한 기준일 (RD : $40.3{\pm}2.68$)에 비해 수정일(0 : $63.0{\pm}3.66$)에서 증가 하는 것으로 분석되었다. S1의 일일 음수횟수는 기준일(RD : $5.9{\pm}0.89/day$)에서 수정일 전까지는 (-2 : $5.6{\pm}0.98$ ; -1 : $5.7{\pm}0.96$)으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났으나, 수정일(0 : $6.3{\pm}0.86$ ;+2 : $6.0{\pm}0.73$)에는 기준일과 같은 횟수를 보였다. S2의 일일 반추횟수는 기준일(RD : $493.8{\pm}10.92$) 보다 수정일(-1 : $390.2{\pm}13.36$; 0 : $354.1{\pm}16.71$)에 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.