• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.305-314
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• 1994

19-norandrostenedione(19-NORA) is known as an intermediate in the metabolic pathway from androstenedione to estrone. Administration of esterified 19-nortestosterone, anabolic steroid, reduces serum gonadotropin and testosterone concentration, and results in reversible azoospermia in men. 19-NORA have been isolated from testis, but its function in testis is not clear yet. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effect of 19-NORA on steroidogenesis and on spermatogenesis. 19-NORA was administrated by single intratesticular injection to adult male rats weighing 350-400 g in dose of 1 mg/50${\mu}l$. The serum and testis were collected on 1, 3, 7, 12, 48 hr after injection. The histological differences in testis were observed by routine paraffin method. The concentrations of testosterone and estradiol in serum and in left testis were determined by the conventional radioimmunoassays. One hour after 19-NORA treatment, serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol increased significantly, compared to those of pre-treated(0 hr) group, and reduced gradually to the control level on 7 hour after injection. The concentration of testosterone in left testis increased slightly 1 hour after injection, and estradiol level increased significantly(p<0.05). Also, testosterone and estradiol level of control group revealed no difference with pre-treated (0 hr) group. Gonad index, structure of seminiferous tubules, and the number of step 7 th spermatid were simillar to control group. The present study suggests that the elevation of testosterone level results from increment of estradiol followed by the rapid metabolism of 19-NORA at 7 hour after injection, and then testosterone concentration may be recovered to control level by feedback mechanism of hypothalamus-hypothysis-testis axis.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2005

It has been suggested that dietary fat increases the risk of breast cancer by elevating serum estrogen concentrations. However, studies on a relationship between fat intake and breast cancer risk have shown contradictory results, possibly because the levels of fat intake in study populations were too high to observe differences. Also, the effect of other dietary factors may present. The present study was performed to investigate the relationship between diet and estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women whose usual fat intake is relatively low compared to their western counterparts. Twenty lacto-ovo vegetarians (LOV) and twenty omnivores participated in the study. Three day food records including a Saturday or a Sunday were used to estimate nutrient intake. Serum lipids, estradiol, sex-hormone binding globulin, and urinary estradiol were measured. Study results showed $24.8\%$ and $20.9\%$ of energy intake were provided from fat in omnivorous and LOV subjects, respectively. Serum and urinary levels of estradiol were two times higher in omnivores. Fat intake was not related to either serum estradiol nor urinary estradiol when the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis was performed. Carbohydrate, total dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber intakes were negatively related to serum estradiol concentration. Legumes, vegetables and fruit consumption showed significantly negative relationships with both serum and urinary estradiol concentrations. These results indicate lower estrogen availability may be associated with plant food­based diets in premenopausal women whose usual diets contain less than $25\%$ of energy as fat.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2006

비글개 6두에서 11회(임신견 7두, 비 임신견 4두)의 발정 주기 및 임신 기간 동안 질 상피 세포 검사 및 혈장 progesterone과 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도를 측정하여 질 상피 세포상과 번식 호르몬의 관계를 조사하고 배란 및 교배 적기 판정을 위한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 임신 예와 비 임신 예에 있어서 발정 전기, 발정기 및 발정 휴지기의 기간은 각각 $8.5{\pm}1.4(Mean{\pm}SD),\;10.0{\pm}1.4$ 및 $54.0{\pm}2.8$ 그리고 $7.9{\pm}2.1,\;9.5{\pm}0.7$ 및 $62.0{\pm}11.3$일이었다. 임선 예에 비해 비 임신견의 발정 휴지기가 길었으며, 발정 주기 사이의 간격은 임선 예가 $246.2{\pm}24.5$일, 비 임신 예은 $175.3{\pm}34.5$일을 나타내어 임신이 되었던 예가 임신이 되지 않았던 예보다 길었다. 발정 주기별 질 상피 세포상의 변화를 보면 발정 전기와 발정기에는 superficial cell, anuclear cell 및 적혈구가, 발정 휴지기에는 parabasal cell, small intermediate cell, large intermediate cell 및 백혈구가, 그리고 무발정기에는 parabasal cell과 small intermediate cell이 주종을 이루었다. Cornification index(CI)는 발정 주기와 발정기에 유의하게 높았다. 발정 주기 중 혈장 progesterone과 estradiol-$17{\beta}$의 농도 사이의 관계를 혈장 progesterone 농도가 최초로 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승한 날을 기준(Day 0)으로 살펴보면, 혈장 progesterone 농도는 발정 출혈 개시 일에 1.0 ng/ml 이하였으나 Day -2에 2.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승하였으며, 혈장 progesterone 농도가 최초로 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 상승한 날은 최초 교배 허용 후 2일이었다. Day 20일 경에 임신 예 및 비임신 예 모두 40 ng/ml 이상으로 최고치를 나타내었으며 Day 35 일까지 임신 예와 비 임신 예 사이에 차이가 인정되지 않았으나 이후 임신 예가 비 임신 예에 비해 높게 유지된 기간이 걸었다. 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도는 발정 출혈 개시 일에 9 pg/ml 이상을 나타냈으며 이후 급증하여 Day -2 에 26.4 pg/ml로 peak를 나타내었다. CI와 혈장 progesterone 및 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도 사이의 관계를 살펴보면, 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ 농도는 최초 교배 허용 일(Day 0)에 peak를 나타냈고 혈장 progesterone 농도는 Day 2에 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처음 상승하였다. CI 는 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak 이후 l일(Day 1)에 최고치를 나타냈으며 80% 및 90% 이상으로 증가한 날은 각각 Day -1 및 Day 1이었다. CI가 80% 및 90% 이상을 지속한 기간은 각각 Day -1에서 Day 8(10 일간 ) 및 Day 1에서 Day 6(6 일간)이었다. CI가 최고치를 나타낸 후 l일 (Day 2)에 혈장 progesterone 농도가 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처음 증가하였다. 결과를 종합하면 본 연구에서 비글개의 배란은 혈장 estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak 이후 3일 및 혈장 progesterone 농도가 4.0 ng/ml 이상으로 처 음 상승한 날에 일어나며, 교배 적기는 CI가 90% 이상으로 증가한 후 2일 이후와 혈장 progesterone 농도가 $2{\sim}25\;ng/ml$인 시기로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.897-900
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• 2000

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of GnRH administration at induced estrus on pituitary and ovarian response in buffalo heifers. Eight Murrah river buffaloes of 12 to 13 months of age were treated with $PGF_{{2}{\alpha}}$ and eCG combination. GnRH (Fertagyl) 200 ug was injected (iv) at estrus in four heifers (treated group) while saline (2 ml, iv) was injected in remaining four heifers (control group). Blood was collected through jugular catheter to estimate plasma FSH, LH and estradiol level. The pretreatment plasma FSH, LH and estradiol values ranged from $8.46{\pm}1.97ng/ml$ to $12.31{\pm}1.30ng/ml$, $0.87{\pm}0.21ng/ml$ to $1.19{\pm}0.29ng/ml$ and $19.09{\pm}2.38pg/ml$ to $20.24{\pm}1.00pg/ml$ respectively. The plasma estradiol concentration elevated significantly (p<0.05) within 24 hr after eCG administration and reached its peak levels of $154.09{\pm}17.28pg/ml$ and $181.95{\pm}31.82pg/ml$ at estrus in respectively treatment and control groups. The plasma FSH and LH concentrations did not increase during follicular development after eCG administration while initial significant (p<0.05) increases in both plasma FSH and LH concentrations occured within 5 and 10 min, reaching peak levels of respectively $110.06{\pm}23.56ng/ml$ and $13.15{\pm}3.13ng/ml$ within 90 min after GnRH injection was detected. A sharp and significant decline in plasma estradiol concentration ($59.27{\pm}8.78pg/ml$) associated with synchronized ovulation within 24 hours after GnRH injection was recorded. The observation suggest that the hypophysis of prepubertal buffaloes treated with eCG have gonadotrophins awaiting the releasing factor to evoke release of gonadotrophin during the follicular phase to induce synchronized ovulation.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.73-83
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• 1993

Steroid hormone의 하나인 ${\beta}-estradiol$이 serum-free medium에서 배양한 토끼의 신장 근위세뇨관 상피세포의 세포성장과 기능에 미치는 영향을 관찰한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다 1. Serum-free medium에서 토끼의 신장 근위세뇨관 상피세포는 ${\beta}-estradiol$ 1 nM의 농도에서 유의한 세포 성장 촉진 효과를 나타내었고, ${\beta}-estradiol$ 10 nM이상의 농도에서는 세포성장이 억제되었다. 2. ${\beta}-Estradiol$은 serum-free medium에서 성장촉진인자의 하나인 hydrocortisone을 뺀 조건하에서 세포 성장을 증가시키었다. 3. ${\beta}-Estradiol$은 hydrocortisone을 growth supplement로 넣어준 serum-free medium에서 토끼 신장의 근위세뇨관 상피세포의 성장을 촉진시키었다. 4. ${\beta}-Estradiol$은 Northern blot analysis에 의하여 확인한 alpha I (IV) collagen mRNA level에는 별다른 변화를 보이지 않으나, ${\beta}-actin$mRNA level은 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아, serum-free 그리고 hormonally defined media에서 ${\beta}-estradiol이$ 토끼의 신장 근위세뇨관 상피세포의 성장 및 기능에 대하여 촉진적으로 작용하는 것은 cellular microfilament의 중요한 구성단백의 하나로 밝혀진 ${\beta}-actin$의 합성 증가에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.7-17
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• 1987

It appears that a major determinant of the success of in vitro fertilization is the selection of the optimal follicle containing an oocyte capable of being fertilized and producing a normal pregnancy. However, the hormonal basis of oocyte maturation is not well substantiated by the as yet available informations. It has been suggested that prolactin(PRL) may stimulate the formation of an oocyte maturation inhibitor and thus inhibit the maturation of oocyte. During the hyperstimulated menstrual cycles serum estradiol($E_2$) levels are markedly elevated, and it seems justified to assume that serum prolactin levels may be elevated since estrogens are potent stimulators of prolactin secretion. This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of the elevated serum estradiol levels on the serum prolactin levels in women undergoing ovarian hyperstimulation with either hMG and/or clomiphene citrate. Serum estradiol and prolactin profiles were measured from third menatrual cycle day to ovulation or ovum aspiration day in 11 normal menstruating women and 30 women who underwent an in vitro fertilization procedure with ovarian hyperstimulation by hMG, clomiphene citrate/hMG, clomiphene citrate. Ovum aspiration was performed 36 hours after hCG administration. The day of ovum aspiration or ovulation was designated Day 0. Serum estradiol levels increased progressively during the follicular phase and this rise peaked on Day-1 at a mean concentration of 1,204${\pm}$189.0pg/ml in Group II(hMG), 1,194${\pm}$167.9pg/ml in Group III(clomiphene citrate/hMG), 1,035${\pm}$195.1pg/ml in Group IV(clomiphene citrate) respectively and on Day -2 of 336${\pm}$34.5pg/ml in Group I(normal control). The elevated estradiol levels fen rapidly after ovulation or ovum aspiration. Serum estradiol values of hyperstimulated groups(Group II, III, IV) were significantly higher than that of control group(Group I) from Day -6 to Day +1, but there was no significant difference of estradiol values among the hyperstimulated groups. Serum prolactin levels increased and peaked on Day +1 at a mean concentration of 60.8${\pm}$14.4ng/ml in Group II, 34.2${\pm}$7.0ng/ml in Group III, 30.1${\pm}$5.7ng/ml in Group IV respectively, but no significant elevation was observed in Group I. Levels of estradiol and prolactin can be positively and significantly correlated in the hyperstimulated groups. However, the increase of serum prolactin levels in hMG group was significantly higher than those in clomiphene citrate/hMG or clomiphene citrate group.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 2014

본 연구의 목적은 외인성 Estradiol(E)에 의해 발현되는 LH surge가 다른 농도의 Progesterone (P)에 억제되고, 그 기전이 E의 존재에 의해 더욱 강화된다는 것을 증명하는 것이다. 선행된 연구에서 E의 존재하에 LH surge는 P의 농도에 의해 LH surge 발현 시간은 점진적/유의성 있게 억제된다는 것을 확인했다. 이런 결과를 토대로 난소가 제거된 Shiba 염소를 이용하여 인위적으로 난포기(Non-P), 아황체기(Low-P), 기능성황체기(High-P)의 P 농도 및 Estradiol (E) 농도를 유도하였다 (Day 0: P와 E 이식일). 스테로이드 호르몬의 농도를 알아보기 위해 매일 혈액을 채혈하였으며, Day 7에 각 그룹의 P 농도를 유지하기 위한 packet과 E 처치용 capsule를 동시에 제거하였다. 또한 Day 7에 P와 E의 농도변화를 세밀하게 조사하기 위해 12시간 동안 1시간 간격으로 채혈 후 검사하였다. LH surge 분비패턴은 P packet 제거 후 13시간부터 E를 3-6 ${\mu}g/h$ 농도로 36시간 동안 주입하고, 52시간 동안(E 주입 4시간 전부터 주입 후 48시간) 2시간 간격으로 채혈을 실시했다. 그 결과, 모든 3그룹의 염소는 LH surge가 발현되었지만 그 발현시간은 Low-P와 High-P 그룹에서 유의성 없는 발현시간 차를 나타내었다. 즉, 각각의 선행된 P 농도 (Non-P, Low-P, High-p) 그룹은 외인성 Estradiol에 의한 LH surge 발현을 조절하는데 있어서 E의 존재가 중요하며, E는 GnRH/LH surge-generating 시스템에 작용하는 P의 억제적 효과를 더욱 강화시키는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.311-319
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• 1997

The mechanisms of $estradiol-17{\beta}$ regulating growth of both normal and neoplastic cells are not clear until now. In studies using various estrogen-dependent breast cell lines, it is recently known that estrogen controls the cell growth by regulating the expression of growth factors and/or their receptors. In the present study, we investigated the effects of $estradiol-17{\beta}$on cell growth and IGF-I binding sites using primary cultured renal proximal tubule cells. We have obtained results as follows : $Estradiol-17{\beta}(10^{-9})$ has stimulatory effects in cell growth. Cotreatment of $estradiol-17{\beta}(10^{-9}M)$ and $IGF-I(5{\times}10^{-8}M)$ significantly increased the growth of primary rabbit renal proximal tubule cells compared to that of $estradiol-17{\beta}$ or IGF-I alone treated cells. In binding studies, we found that the binding of $^{125}IGF-I$ on cell membranes was incubation time- and temperature-dependent. Incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ results in higher binding of $^{125}IGF-I$ than that of $23^{\circ}C$ or $4^{\circ}C$. Maximum binding was observed at $37^{\circ}C$ between 30 and 60 minutes. The binding of $^{125}IGF-I$ to both control and $estradiol-17{\beta}-treated$ cells was inhibited by unlabelled $IGF-I(10^{-8}{\sim}10^{-12}M)$ in a concentration-dependent manner. However, EGF did not compete for $^{125}IGF-I$ binding at $10^{-8}{\sim}10^{-12}M$. IGF-I binding to the membranes from both control and $estradiol-17{\beta}-treated$ cells was also analyzed. We found that $estradiol-17{\beta}-treated$ cells exhibited higher binding activity for IGF-I. When $estradiol-17{\beta}$ or tamoxifen alone, or $estradiol-17{\beta}$ and tamoxifen cotreated cells were compared, the binding ratio of $^{125}I-IGF-I$ of $estradiol-17{\beta}-treated$ cell was significantly increased but was similar to control in both $estradiol-17{\beta}$ and tamoxifen cotreated cell. These results suggest that $estradiol-17{\beta}$ in part controls cell proliferation by regulating the expression of IGF-I receptors in primary rabbit renal proximal tubule cells.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2006

Purpose : Taraxaci Herba is a herb with an effect on extravasated blood and is widely used in gynecology. This study examined the effects of Taraxaci Herba on endometriosis. Methods : Rats with surgically induced endometriosis were given an oral dose of Taraxaci Herba for 40 days. The size of the ectopic uterine implants at the serosal wall and the concentration of progesterone, estradiol, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin(IL)-2, 4, 6, and 10 in the blood were examined and compared with the control group. Results : The size of the ectopic uterine implants in the treated group was much smaller than that in the control group. The estradiol concentration was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. The IL-10 level was higher and the TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-2 and IL-4 concentration were lower in the experimental group than in the control group and there was statistically significant difference. There was no significant difference in the IL-6 level between the experomental and the control group. Conclusion : These results indicate that Taraxaci Herba reduces the size of ectopic uterine implants at the serosal wall and inhibits the growth of ectopic uterine implants. This suggests that Taraxaci Herba is an effective treatment for endometriosis.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.756-762
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• 2003

In the current study, our research focused on the estrogenic activity of isoflavonoids, mainly genistein, biochanin A and daidzein. Genistein enhanced the reporter gene expression of MCF-7-ERE-Luc cells, at a concentration as low as 10 nM, with a concentration of 100 nM the achieved gene expression effects were similar to those of 10 pM 17$\beta$-estradiol. Based on the estrogenic activities of biochanin A and daidzein, hydroxyl groups at the 4 and 5 positions are needed for the maximal effect of the genistein. The estrogenic effects of these isoflavonoids were inhibited by the concomitant treatment with tamoxifen. The data showed that the estrogenic effects of isoflavonoids were mediated through estrogen receptors. When the isoflavonoids were tested as mixtures, the estrogenic effects were lower than the arithmetic sum of those induced by each individual isoflavonoid. The estrogenic potency of each isoflavonoid was presented at EC50 levels with a 17$\beta$-estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQ) based on the dose response of each chemical. The EC50s and EEQs of genistein, biochanin A and daidzein were 4.15, 0.89 and 0.18 $\mu$M, and 15.0, 5.12 and 1.83 $\mu$ M/M, respectively. Our data clearly demonstrated that the pERE-luciferase reporter gene assay was suited for the sensitive and quantitative measurement, and large scale screening, of the estrogenicity of chemicals in vitro.