Browse > Article

Relationship between Vaginal Cytology and Reproductive Hormone during the Estrous Cycle and Optimal Mating Time in Beagle Dogs  

Lee K.C. (Chungbuk Livestock and Veterinary Research Institute)
Kang H.G. (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Cheun H.M. (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Kim I.H. (College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Embryo Transfer / v.21, no.2, 2006 , pp. 109-119 More about this Journal
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine relationship between vaginal cytology and reproductive hormones during the estrous cycle and to provide basic data to estimate for ovulation time and optimal mating time in 6 beagle dogs The duration of proestrus, estrus and diestrus were $8.5{\pm}1.4,\;10.0{\pm}1.4\;and\;54.0{\pm}2.8$ days at pregnant respectively, and $7.9{\pm}2.1,\;9.5{\pm}0.7\;and\;62.0{\pm}11.3$ days at non-pregnant respectively. The duration of interestrous intervals were $246.2{\pm}24.5$ days at pregnancy, and $175.3{\pm}34.5$ days at non-pregnancy. The duration of interestrous intervals at pregnancy was longer than that of non-pregnancy. A characteristic features of vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle were the high proportion of superficial cell, anuclear cell and erythrocyte in proestrus and estrus, parabasal cell, small intermediate cell and leukocyte in diestrus, and parabasal cell and small intermediate cell in anestrus, respectively. Cornification index (CI) in proestrus and estrus were significantly higher than that of CI in diestrus and anestrus. Plasma progesterone concentration was below 1.0 ng/ml at the first day of vulval bleeding at pregnancy and non-pregnancy, and then it was above 2.0 ng/ml at Day -2 in all bitches. When plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml, it was the second day after the first day of male acceptance. Plasma progesterone concentration showed above 40 ng/ml on Day $20{\sim}22$ in all bitches, and then it was gradually decreased until Day 35. Plasma progesterone concentration at pregnancy was higher than that of non-pregnancy from Day 35 to Day 63. Plasma estradiol-$17\;{\beta}$ concentration was above 9.0 pg/ml at the first day of vulval bleeding, and it showed 26.4 pg/ml on Day -2. When it was timed from the first day of male acceptance (Day 0), plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ concentration showed a peak on Day 0 and plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml on Day 2 which was the third day after plasma estradiol-$17{\beta}$ peak. CI was first increased above 80 and 90% on Day -1 and Day 1, respectively. CI was maintained above 80% from Day -1 to Day 8 (10 days) and above 90% from Day 1 to Day 6 (6 days), respectively. CI was maintained above 80% from Day 0 to Day 8 (9 days) and above 90% from Day 1 to Day 6 (6 days), respectively. Plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml on the second day after the day which CI was first increased above 90%. In conclusion, beagle bitches ovulated on the second day after the day which CI was first increased above 90% and on the day which plasma progesterone concentration was first increased 4.0 ng/ml, and it was estimated that the optimal mating time was the day which the second day after CI was first increased above 90% and plasma concentration was between $2{\sim}25ng/ml$. The measurement of plasma progesterone was used to determine of and accurate ovulation time and the optimal mating time, but vaginal cytology is low-priced and simple method to estimate estrous cycle, optimal mating time and ovulation time.
Keywords
beagle dog; vaginal cytology; progesterone; estradiol-$17{\beta}$; optimal mating time;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Bell ET and Christie DW. 1971. Erythrocytes and leucocytes in the vaginal smears of the beagle bitch. Vet. Rec., 88:546-549   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Bell ET, Christie DW and Younglai EV. 1971. Plasma oestrogen levels during the canine oestrous cycle. J. Endocrinol., 51 :225-226   DOI   ScienceOn
3 Bouchard GF, Solorzano N, Concannon PW, Youngquist RS and Bierschwal CJ. 1991. Determination of ovulation time in bitches based on teasing, vaginal cytology, and ELISA for progesterone. Theriogenology, 35:603-611   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Boyd JS, Renton JP, Harvey MJA, Nickson DA, Eckersall PD and Ferguson JM. 1993. Problems associated with ultrasonography of the canine ovary around the time of ovulation. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 47:101-105
5 Concannon PW and Lein DH. 1989. Current Veterinary Therapy. 10th ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 1269-1282
6 Dore MA. 1978. The role of the vaginal smear in detection of metestrus and anestrus in the bitch. J. Small Anim. Pract., 19:561-572   DOI
7 England GCW. 1992. Vaginal cytology and cervicovaginal mucous arborisation in the breeding management of bitches. J. Small Anim. Pract., 33:577-582   DOI
8 Feldman EC and Nelson RW. 1996. Canine and Feline Theriogenology. 1st ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 526-546
9 Okkens AC, Hekerman TWM, De Vogel JWA and van Haaften B. 1993. Influence of litter size and breed on variation in length of gestation in the dog. Vet. Quart., 13: 160-161
10 Renton JP, Boyd JS, Harvey MJA, Ferguson JM, Nickson DA and Eckersall PD. 1992. Comparison of endocrine changes and ultrasound as means of identifying ovulation in the bitch. Res. Vet. Sci., 53:74-79   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Tsutsui T. 1975. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the dog. III. Observation of vaginal smear in estrous cycle. Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod., 21:37-42   DOI
12 Allen WE. 1992. Fertility and Obstetrics in the Dog. 1st ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Cambridge, pp. 90-113
13 Bell ET, Bailey JB and Christie DW. 1973. Studies on vaginal cytology during the canine oestrous cycle. Res. Vet. Sci., 14: 173-179
14 Christiansen IJ. 1984. Reproduction in the Dog and Cat, 1st ed., Bailliere Tindall, London, pp. 41-54
15 Linde-Forsberg C and Forsberg M. 1989. Fertility in dogs in relation to semen quality and the time and site of insemination with fresh and frozen semen. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 39:299-310
16 손창호, 김정훈, 정경아, 강현구, 오기석, 박인철, 박상국, 한호재. 2000. 진돗개에서 발정주기 동안 질세포상과 번식호르몬의 관계. 한국임상수의학회지, 17:225-233
17 Concannon P, Whaley S, Lein D and Wissler R. 1983. Canine gestation length: Variation related to time of mating and fertile life of sperm. Am. J. Vet. Res., 44:1819-1821
18 Linde C and Karlsson I. 1984. The correlation between the cytology of the vaginal smear and the time of ovulation in the bitch. J. Small Anim. Pract., 25:77-82   DOI
19 Fayrer-Hosken R, Caudle A, Downs M and Miller-Liebl D. 1994. Evaluating the infertile breeding bitch. Vet. Med., 1026-1038
20 Post K. 1985. Canine vaginal cytology during the estrous cycle. Can. Vet. J., 26:101-104
21 Holst PA. 1986. Current Therapy in Theriogenology, 2nd ed., Saunders, Philadelpia, pp. 457-462
22 Silva LDM, Onclin K and Verstegen JP. 1995. Cervical opening in relation to progesterone and oestradiol during heat in beagle bitches. J. Reprod. Fertil., 104:85-90   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Hayer P, Gunzel-Apel AR, Luerssen D and Hoppen HO. 1993. Ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular development, ovulation and the early luteal phase in the bitch. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 47:93-100   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Dietrich E and Moller R. 1993. Use of a progesterone enzymeimmunoassay to determine the optimal mating time in oestrous bitches. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 47:524
25 England GCW and Allen WE. 1989. Real-time ultrasonic imaging of the canine ovary and uterus. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 39:91-100
26 England GCW and Yeager AE. 1993. Ultrasonographic appearance of the ovary and uterus of the bitch during oestrus, ovulation and early pregnancy. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 47: 107-117   DOI   ScienceOn
27 Mestre J, Wanke M and Sucheyre S. 1990. Exfoliate vaginal cytology and plasma concentrations of progesterone, luteinizing hormone and oestradiol-17${\beta}$ during oestrus in the bitch. J. Small Anim. Pract., 31 :568-570   DOI
28 Feldman EC and Nelson RW. 1987. Canine and Feline Endocrinology and Reproduction, 1st ed., Saunders, Philadelphia, pp. 413-417
29 Badinand F, Fontbonne A, Maurel MC and Siliart B. 1993. Fertilization time in the bitch in relation to plasma concentration of oestradiol, progesterone and luteinizing hormone and vaginal smears. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 47:63-67
30 Concannon PW, Hansel W and McEntee K. 1977. Change in LH, progesterone and sexual behavior associated with preovulatory luteinization in the bitch. Biol. Reprod., 17:604-613   DOI   ScienceOn
31 손창호, 백인석, 신창록, 최한선, 강병규. 1997. 진도개에서 발정주기, 교배적기 및 배란시기 판정을 위한 질세포검사의 이용성. 한국임상수의학회지, 13:114-122
32 Schutte AP. 1967b. Canine vaginal cytology. II. Cyclic changes. J. Small Anim. Pract., 8:307-311   DOI   ScienceOn
33 van Haaften B, Dieleman SJ. Okkens AC and Willemse AH. 1989. Timing the mating of days on the basis of blood progesterone concentration. Vet. Rec., 125:524-526   DOI   ScienceOn
34 Guyant L. 1988. Canine vaginal cytology. Vet. Tech., 9:513-520
35 Post K, Cook SJ and Rawlings NC. 1990. The evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for the assessment of progesterone in canine plasma. Can. Vet. J., 31:708-709
36 Wallace SS, Mahaffey MB, Miller DM, Thompson FN and Chakraborty PK. 1992. Ultrasonographic appearance of the ovaries of dogs during the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle. Am. J. Vet. Res., 53:209-215
37 Schutte AP. 1967a. Canine vaginal cytology. I. Technique and cytological morphology. J. Small Anim. Pract., 8:301-306   DOI   ScienceOn
38 Concannon PW, McCann JP and Temple M. 1989. Biology and endocrinology of ovulation, pregnancy and parturition in the dog. J. Reprod. Fertil. (Suppl.), 39:3-25
39 Wright PJ. 1991. Practical aspects of the estimation of the time of ovulation and of insemination in the bitch. Aust. Vet. J., 68:10-13   DOI   ScienceOn