• BMB Reports
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.498-502
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• 1998

HBV polymerase shares several regions of amino acid homology with other DNA-directed and RNA-directed polymerases. The amino acid residues $Asp^{429}$, $Gly^{518}$, $Asp^{551}$, $Lys^{585}$, and $Gly^{641}$ in the conserved motifs A, B', C, D, and E in the polymerase domain of HBV polymerase were mutated to alanine or histidine by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis. Those mutants were overexpressed, purified, and analyzed against DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity and affinity for DNA binding. All those mutants did not show DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities indicating that those five amino acid residues are all critical in DNA polymerase activity. South-Western analysis shows that amino acid residues $ASp^{429}$ and $ASp^{551}$ are essential to DNA binding, and $Gly^{318}$ and $Gly^{585}$ also affect DNA binding to a certain extent.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.783-796
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• 2006

The periodontium is a topographically complex organ consisting of epithelial tissue, soft and mineralized tissues. Structures comprising the periodontium include the gingiva, periodontal ligament (PDL) , cementum and the alveolar bone. The molecular mechanism of differentiation in PDL fibroblast cells remain unclear. Amino acid transporters play an important role in supplying nutrition to normal and cancer cells and for cell proliferation. Amino acid transport system L is a major nutrient transport system responsible for the Na+-independent transport of neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids. The system L is divided into two major subgroups, the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and the L-type amino acid transporter 2 (LAT2). In this study, the expression pattern of amino acid transport system L was, therefore, investigated in the differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. To determine the expression level of amino acid transport system L participating in intracellular transport of amino acids in the differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells, it was examined by RT-PCR, observation of cell morphology, Alizaline red-S staining and uptake analysis after inducing experimental differentiation in PDL fibroblast cells isolated from mouse molar teeth. The results are as follows. 1. The LAT1 mRNA was expressed in the early stage of PDL fibroblast cell differentiation. This expression level was gradually reduced by differentiation- inducing time and it was not observed after the late stage. 2. The expression level of LAT2 mRNA was increased in time-dependent manner during differentiation induction of PDL fibroblast cells. 3. There was no changes in. the expression level of 4F2hc mRNA, the cofactor of LAT1 and LAT2, during differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. 4. The expression level of ALP mRNA was gradually increased and the expression level of Col I mRNA was decreased during differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells. 5. The L-leucine transport was reduced by time from the early stage to the late stage in PDL fibroblast cell differentiation. As the results, it is considered that among neutral ammo acid transport system L in differentiation of PDL fibroblast cells, the LATl has a key role in cell proliferation in the early stage of cell differentiation and the LAT2 has an important role in the late stage of cell differentiation for providing cells with neutral amino acids including several essential amino acids.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated the nutritional composition including proximate, amino acid, vitamin, minerals, and the antioxidant activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) pollen grains collected by Apis mellifera bees, for use as a health food. The crude protein and fat content was estimated at 26.14% and 3.49%, respectively. Eighteen amino acids were identified in green tea pollen, including 8 essential amino acids and 10 non-essential amino acids. The predominant amino acids were glutamic acid, proline and aspartic acid accounting for about 33.3% of total free amino acids. The concentration of vitamin C was the highest value of 35.7%, followed by $B_3$ and $B_2$ among the detected vitamins. The predominant minerals were potassium (790.32 mg/100g), followed by phosphorus (707.52 mg/100g) and sulfur (302.67 mg/100g), whereas copper, zinc and sodium were detected as minor elements. The antioxidant activity and phenolic content accounted for 33.8% at $500{\mu}g/mL$ extract and $2.55 {\mu}g/mg$, respectively.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.23 no.3_4
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• pp.153-158
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• 1979

Free amino acids in extracts and total amino acids in hydrolysates of eight species of higher fungi were analyzed by an amino acid autoanalyzer. Twenty amino acids were analyzed in eight species of higher fungi. 1) of all free amino acids contained in higher fungi, alanine is the richest, and then comes glutamic acid, serine, arginine, proline and histidine in that order. Of all total amino acids contained in higher fungi, glutamic acid is the richest, and then comes proline, valine, aspartic acid, alanine, leucine in that order. Especially Russula fragilis and Lepiota procera contain large quantity of glutamic acid. 2) Gross contents of free amino acids in the extracts is high in order of Lepiota procera, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Russula fragilis, Tylopilus felleus and total amino acids in hydrolysates is high in Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Lepiota procera, Russula fragilis, Lentinus lepideus. 3) Total amount of essential amino acids in the extracts was high in Lepiota procera, Phylloporus rhodoxanthus, Tylopilus felleus, Xylaria hypoxylon, Lentinus lepideus, Russula fragilis, Lactarius piperatus and Calocybe gambosa and in the hydrolysates of Phylloparus rhodoxanthus, Russula fragilis, Lepiota procera, Tylopilus felleus, Lentinus lepideus, Lactarius piperatus, Calocybe gambosa and Xylaria hypoxylon in that order, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 1963

Amino acid composition of Makjang was determined by combined usage of ion exchanged resin and paper chormatography in the following states. a. A fraction soluble in water b. Hydrolysate of the whole Makjang c. Same as a. (p.p.t. formed by tungstic acid or trichloroacetic acid being removed) d. Hydrolysate of c. (T and TCA) By comparing amino acid composition of Makjang with that of its raw material, we found that decomposition of essential amino acids during brewing is slight. From the amino acid composition of a,b,c,d, we discussed the ratio of amino acid liberation during brewing and assumed that Makjang contains peptide-like substances composing of glutamic acid and aspartic acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 1979

A numerical analysis of essential amino acid pattern of protein in daily Korean foods was conducted through computer programming based on the food intake data from 'Reports of national nutritional survey (1969, $1973{\sim}1979)'$ and food supply data from 'Food balance sheet $(1970{\sim}1977)'$. It was noted that the amounts of daily intake and supply of animal protein were gradually increased since 1973. In 1977, animal protein intake was 17.5g in total protein intake of 68g per person per day. Intake and supply of total essential amino acids were $20{\sim}28g$ per person per day in the both of urban and rural areas, and greater consumption of leucine, phenylalanine+tyrosine, isoleusine, lysine and valine was observed. Amino acids scores of consumed protein based on FAO provisional amino acid scoring pattern(1973) were around $75{\sim}90$ showing the scores of 77.9 in 1969 and 89.5 in 1977, and also lysine(1969, $1973{\sim}1976$) and threonine(1977) were considered as first limiting amino acid. On the other hand the scores of supply Protein $(1970{\sim}1977)$ rated in $82{\sim}88$, lysine$(1970{\sim}1971)$ or threonine $(1972{\sim}1977)$ was found as first limiting amino acid. Generally a protein quality of Korean daily food was improved since 1973 and a difference between urban and rural areas in terms of the nutritive quality of protein was considerably reduced in 1977.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-69
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• 2003

This paper was performed to analyze the nutritional components for the basic of studies to estimate the nutritional and functional valuation of mushroom(Sarcodon aspratus) The contents of moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrate in mushroom were 89.93, 1.18, 3.67. 0.96 and 4.26%, respectively. The major free sugar were glucose, sucrose, trehalose, xylose, and cantained more trehalose than other sugars. The total content of amino acids was 796.85mg/100g-fr.wt. And the contents of essential and non-essential amino acid of hydrolyzed amino acid was 300.77 and 486.08mg/100g-fr.wt, respectively. Mushroom contained mush valine, leucine, threonine, Iysine, alanine, glycine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acid of free amino acid was 124.95, 138.52mg/100g-fr.wt., respectively. and were cantained mush methionine, Iysine, valine arginine, Aspartic arid, and tyrosine. The content of Amino acid derivatives 46.81 mg/100g-fr.wt., and were contained mush mornithine, sarcosine, ${\beta}$-alanine, and phosphoserine. The content of vitamin C was 5.43 mg/100g-fr.wt. The contents of sodium and potassium were 375.73, 61.82mg/100g, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1992

For the effective utilization of apricot seed resources of food protein and lipid, the general composition, amino acid composition and chemical characteristics were analysed. The skinned and non-skinned apricot seed contained 53.9% and 48.0% of crude lipid, 24.7% and 26.8% of crude protein, respectively. There were no significant difference in the amino acid composition among skinned and non-skinned apricot seed, The major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, tyrosine and threonine, holding 14.6 to 16.9%, 12.4 to 13.7%, 9.2 to 12.1%, 7.2 to 7.5% and 7.0 to 7.2% of total amino acid content, respectively. The sum of these ammo acids occupied about 50% to total amino acids. While the quantities of methionine, histidine, and Lysine were poor content. The essential amino acids occupied about 30% to total amino acids. The acid, iodine and saponification value of apricot seed oil were 0.7 to 7.1, 80.8 to 107.5 and 182.7 to 208.4, respectively. These values were significant difference in skinned and non-skinned apricot seed.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.270-275
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• 2000

In order to investigate the proper processing of food wastes with miraculous soil-microorganisms (MS) for final use of swine feeds, calory, amino acid and fatty acid in food wastes were determined in relation with fermentation process with MS microorganism complex. Aflatoxin test was also performed to check safety of the fermented food wastes. Calory of food wastes was determined in average $7.60\;Kcal{\cdot}g^{-1}\;D.W.$ In finally processed food wastes, total content of amino acid was $93.0\;mg{\cdot}g^{-1}]\;D.W$, showing 18.5% of increase by the anaerobic fermentation. Essential and non-essential amino acids were measured at respectively 34.43 and $58.56\;mg{\cdot}g^{-1}\;D.W.$ Leucine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and threonine of essential amino acids and proline and glutamic acid of non-essential amino acids were highly composed as compared to others. The composition of fatty acid in food wastes was also increased by anaerobic fermentation for 3 weeks. Palmitic acid, oleic acid and palmitoleic acid were more important in quantity. Present results indicate that food wastes properly processed with MS have enough calory and are safe from aflatoxin, and that anaerobic fermentation with MS microorganism in an efficient process for hydrolyzing protein and lipids in food wastes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2002

Nine crossbred castrated lambs fitted with rumen and duodenum cannula and fed a diet of hay and concentrate formulated with ground corn and soybean meal as main ingredients were used to assess the duodenal ideal amino acid pattern. Three synthetic amino acid mixtures with different profile of essential amino acids were duodenally infused in order to get three different amino acid patterns flowing into the duodenum. The mixtures were designed to have similar amino acid profile as rumen microbial protein (Pm), casein (Pc) and modified muscle amino acid (Pmm). Results showed a lower urine nitrogen excretion (p=0.05), a higher nitrogen retention (p=0.04) and bodyweight gain with treatment Pmm. The modified muscle amino acid pattern also promoted a lower ratio of Gly to other amino acids in plasma (Gly/OAA) and a higher RNA and RNA/DNA concentration in the liver of the sheep. Meanwhile, the urea concentration in plasma was reduced and the insulin concentration was increased with Pmm treatment. No differences in glucose and growth hormone concentration in plasma were found among three treatments. All results obtained indicate that the modified muscle amino acid pattern (Lys 100%, Met+Cys 39%, Thr 76%, His 41%, Arg 72%, Leu 158%, Ile 81%, Val 105%, Phe 81% and Trp 13%) was the best for growing sheep.