• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.69-108
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• 2021

Based on research of documents left by Vietnamese feudal dynasties, the current article reports how it initially reconstructed the process of Vietnamese tribute activity of Southeast Asia from the 10^th to 19^th century and demonstrates the significance of these activities to how Vietnam is considered central rather than peripheral as a nation. Tribute activity took place during a period when Vietnam was an independent country; feudal dynasties of Vietnam were independent and autonomous dynasties. Vietnam had just escaped from the 1,000-year invasion of China and more recently gotten out from the control of the French colonialists. From the demonstration of the tribute activity, otherwise called requesting investiture, the current article places it in relation to the contemporary Chinese "tributary system" to draw out the characteristics and its essence. At the time the current article explores the underlying causes that contributed to shaping the core characteristics of this "tributary system" and its significance to power relationships.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.161-175
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• 2009

Dongdaemun Stadium was the nation's leading modem sports facilities built in 1926 by Japanese colonists. It hosted a number of the nation's sports matches and cultural performances, filled with cultural and historic significance as a birthplace of Korea's sports. As the facility was aging, however, its functions became limited. With the so-called "restoration" of Cheonggye Stream, the stadium was reduced to a flea market, no longer used for its originally intended purposes. The Seoul Metropolitan Government demolished the stadium under the plan to develop the district into a tourism cluster dedicated to the design and fashion industries. This study takes Dongdaemun Stadium as an example to explain underlying meanings of capitalist restructuring of landscape which entails removal of modern cultural relics and redevelopment projects. Although Dongdaemun Stadium was not used in the way it had been designated to be used, it still had a value as a diachronic and synchronic record for the city. The rationale that the stadium should be tom down and reinvented as tourist attraction to reap huge financial benefits illustrates that the city government's development ideology gravitated towards public works projects. This approach may harm a place's genuine disposition or essence and create an artificially-induced placeness, undermining its historio-cultural values.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.51-64
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• 2011

Gyeongoggo is first described in the Collected Prescription by Hong Family in the Song Dynasty in China. It is composed of Radix Rehmnniae, Panax ginseng, Poria cocos, and Mel. Its main efficacy is to treat weakness of primordial essence of body and dry cough, and to invigorate qi and replenish yin principle. It is one of the most important prescriptions that people have been using for a long time. We studied the documents recorded in the medical classics and comprehended the following results. Gyeongoggo has efficacy to keep a person healthy and live long age, to treat amnesia and dizziness from brain weakness, to strengthen muscle and bone by improving function of stomach and colon, to improve a person's memory and judgement, to invigorate brain weakness, and, to treat tuberculosis and lung cancer. The longer a person take it, the better it is for one's health and meditation. When it is made, it is important to mix four components up, to boil it with an oak tree for three days and nights, and then to add water from a well to reduce heat for a full day, and to boil up again for a full day to mature fully. As gyeongoggo is acquired not only by the full heart of a manufacturer but also the sympathy of nature, it is important to choose a clean place to make and keep. When it is taken, it is proper to take it with warm water or liquors. And when it is made, we came to know that it is possible to make gyeongoggo with special efficacy by adding one to three more components.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.25-37
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to draw reasonable management plans to reinforce essence of Ohyundan(五賢壇: Five sprit tablets), a sacred site and monument of Jeju, by investigating and analyzing current status and problems of cultural landscape elements(e.g. architectural structures, installation, letters carved on the rocks, actual vegetation, etc.) while grasping placeness contained in Ohyundan through consideration of its history and transition process of Ohyundan a future being and shrine of Gyulrim Seowon(橘林書院) in Jeju. Results derived from research are summarized as follows. Ohyundan is noted due to its placeness in that it was a place for Gyulrim Seowon, Jeju's one and only Saaek Seowon(賜額書 院) and it was a symbolic space of exile culture in Jeju. As it is inferred from Gyulrim Seowon, which is dangho(堂號: clan name) of Seowon, orchards surrounding all over places are a signature landscape element that shows placeness of the past Ohyundan. Joduseok(俎豆石: altar stone), representing a core installation of Ohyundan and ancestral tablet of five spirits, created a refined place by putting up common stones around altar and founding blocked stones to wall. This refinement and thrift served basic mind of Neo-Confucianism, and led to of Jeju's Jonyang mind(spend-thrift mind). In conclusion, a practice plan is a prerequisite to restore essence of Ohyundan by actively excluding installations not suitable for placeness or overly designed such as Jeju Hyangrodang(a center for the elderly) and numerous monument houses. On the other hand, together with Joduseok, as letters carved on the rocks such as 'Jeungjoo Byukrip(曾朱壁立)' and 'Gwangpoongdae(光風臺)' and Yoocheonseok serve as a signature landscape that well shows mind of five spirits and teaching of Neo-Confucianism, and also a trace from a confucian viewpoint deeply rooted in Jeju, they are judged as a cultural landscape corresponding to the essence of place in Ohyundan which requires proactive preservation and plans for public relations. Together with this, although many different old big trees such as Pinus densiflora , Pinus thunbergii, Quercus variabilis, Celtis sinenis, Zelkova serrata and Rhus succedanea are a landscape element that increases sacred Ohyundan and commemorative value, now required is thorough entity tree management by assigning serial number on them as many of them were dead or removed resulting from transition process of land use. Further, to reinforce quality of site location belonging to Gyulrim Seowon, a prerequsite is to review plans that create Gyulrim at reinstalled site of building and raw land.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.32-41
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• 2009

Places such as famous urban sights and foreign settlements have recently been created in Korea, which reflects the increase in social and cultural exchanges and the number of place-making and landscape-planning projects. Understanding place identity is required in environmental design and planning. This paper examined the components of the identity of place through comparison of perceptions of "placeness" between residents and visitors of Seo-Rae Village, Seoul, Korea. More than 40% of French nationals in Korea reside in the village, which many Koreans visit as an urban sightseeing place. Twenty-five French inhabitants and forty-one Korean visitors were surveyed. Insideness of Seo-Rae Village was formed by limited activities and needs of the residents, primarily children's education and food purchases. Residents mentioned that the physical environment, especially buildings, lacked theauthenticity of French style. The symbolic meaning of the French village influenced the visitors' activities. The authenticity of French style, however, did not affect the perception of visitors and outsideness of the place. Visitors' activities and cognitive meanings of the place were formed mainly by the commercial environment established by Korean investments. Commercialization of the place and related activities played an important role in establishing insideness of the place. The village shows the phenomenon of the reversal of insideness and outsideness. The "placeness" of Seo-Rae village has been shaped by visitors' tastes rather than the true experience of insideness. Mass identity formed by mass media using French characteristics influenced this phenomenon. Insideness formed by inhabitants appeared to be a pseudo-place, which was created by the French tastes of visitors and lacked French authenticity. Seo-Rae Villagerepresents a superficial cloak.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.150-160
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• 1997

The tendency of the Minimalism in the contemporary a architecture is based on Mies van der Rohe s saying ‘나SS IS m more" as the principle of the Minimal art and its formative c composition. It can be divided into technical Minimalism p prevailed in Northern Europe and the zone of German l language, and the regional one in Southern Europe and S Southern America. The former is interested in the experiences of the techniques and materials, and the latter in that of the s space and the place through the simple forms. The minialistic approach to the architecture is nat only m methodological one. It accepts the concept and the construction of architecture as 2 axes for making it keeps the tradition and c communication with the master builder, the materials, and i염 m means to compound. The expressive characteristics of works in M Minimalism are 1) as the formal issue, it is simple, self-referring. without any symbol or any allusion, and compounds the r repetitive forms as the comceptual aspec않 of architecture, 2) it h has the characteristies such as the approach directly to the m means by which architecture made, the critical interests to the m material attributes, and the capacity to the contemporary t technology as the issue of technique and materials, 3) regarding t the space and the place, it shows the good sense to the site in t the sphere intervention of architecture 1e Maininlalism architecture has i않 impotance in the point t that it seeks to the qualities immanent in architecture by s showing the marvelous status through discovering the i immanent properties of the site, program materials, and the s structure, and also it begins new way of interpreting a architecture with new viewpoint to the its essence as well as a architecture itself.self.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.177-198
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• 2011

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine the theory of mind and body practice in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon from the point of views of Taoism, Buddhism, and Oriental medicine. Methods : An ideological background and development of Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon was first examined. Then, the definition of, other descriptions of, and various locations of, Dan-Jeon were investigated. In addition, the theory of Qi movement of Shui Sheng Huo Jiang (ascent of water Chi and descent of fire Chi) in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon was taken into consideration from perspectives on the thought of Taoist Nei Dan (internal alchemy) and Oriental medicine. Finally, the characteristics of mind and body practice in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon. Results & Conclusions : Dan-Jeon in Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon consists of three parts, upper, middle, and lower Dan-Jeon, which is related to Jing (sperm, essence) Qi (breath, eneregy) Shen (spirit, intellect) of our body. Jing Qi Shen is a crucial part in our mind and body, mind and body are connected by energy, and the energy flow is possible by ascent of water Chi and descent of fire Chi. Ultimately, Dan-Jeon-Ju-Seon is a method of practice to keep one's mind and body healthy, and its purpose is to do timeless meditation in our daily lives regardless of time and place.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.27-36
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• 1985

^x In Korea, we are entering on a new phase that the use concept of urban park is extending to dynamic activities such as games and sports. This article is to investigate the significance of lawn areas, as a receptive space of such a wide range of recreation activities. As a study process, Green Styles (type of parks) such as Garden Type, Park Type and Forest Type were studied and historical review of lawn areas in park development was performed. In conclusion, the lawn areas ( greensward) are an essential part of park and open space organization. The significance as a conclusion is presented as follows : 1 ) Balance in type of parks The structures of our parks and open spaces are inclined toward the artificial Garden Type and natural Forest Type. Therefore, the intermediate Park Type and sparse wood areas should be a core part of our park and open space development. 2) Psychological effect Park Type areas, thorned by greensward(lawn area), can refresh urban dwellers with natural picturesque landscaps, and Park Type landscape is the most preferred natural landscape. It shows the essence of natural amenity as 3) Accomodation of wide range of recreation activities Lawn areas in urban park are the best place in accomodating the wide range of active and massive recreation activities. Thus, lawn areas can increase the freedom of recreation use in urban park. 4) Enlargement of physical carrying capacity. With expansion of lawn areas of euro- american concept, the structural open space can be transformed into service open space. Thus, the recreation carrying capacity of urban parks can be enlarged.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.267-277
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• 1998

The background of this study is to provide meaning of landscape history and to find out landscape origines which were strongly concerned with the nature through breaking out the form of conventional adapting elements from an exterior. And the purpose of this study is to review Brown's philosophy as picturesque landscape architectur and to provide useful Brown's characteristics to contemporary landscape by epitomizing his design elements. Brown estiablished a foundation of the English landscape garden of the eighteenth century. And the concept, the beauty of nature, is considered as a beginning point of modernism study. The study of the Brownian style as profoundity theme is conversion view to the development of the history of garden. These days, the restoration of the Brownian style at the public or garden design in England is based on the nature recourse of the original character of human. And also his style can be understood to seek the progressive transformation as to perfectly known the possibility of the place, to get clues to the solutions, and to be able to iprove the quality of environment. Therefore, Brown's efforts for seeding the essence of landscape architecture escaping from Englands old-fashioned landscape design skills might be considered in high worth.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.29-40
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• 1998

The landscape of rural settlement incurred the loss and worsening of its main feature in the modernization which was progressed by the inner and outer cause - the growth of urbanization and improvement of living and dwelling environment. This study investigates the visual characteristic of land-use in rural and analyzes relations between visual quantities by land-use and a pre(essence of landscape. And it is suggested the basic data of a planning and a management in rural by making clear characteristics and influences of landscape preference elements The visual characteristic of landscape elements that is based on the rural land-use is classified harmony, variety, variables and particulate. And it is classified the object of landscape by recognizing images of landscape produce space, natural environment, settlement place and cultivated land of a special products. In the analysis of landscape preference, it appears that the harmony has a great influence on a suburban, a rural, a mountainous district, and a hamlet in psychology elements and the volume of forest area in visual elements. As a result, it requests rural scenes in harmony with the natural environment. So, the landscape planning which has the regional development and the identity as the rural settlement can be represented by the preservation and development of regional feature.