• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.35-49
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• 1986

Recipients are an integral part of embryo transfer and they are expensive to maintain as a good recipient. Recipient management is one of the most important components in a successful embryo transfer program. Management includes selection and subsequent care of the animals. A good recipient is basically on "open" cows or heffers whose reproductive tract is capable of receiving one or two embryos and incubating it to term. Potential recipients should be always be healthy and cycling normally ranging from 18 to 23 days. A thorough veterinary examination is recommended for candidate of recipients and cattle for questionable health should be eliminated from the recipient herd. Age and size of recipients are particularly important considerations when heifers are used, because of most embryos available for transfer are from large dams and sires. Body condition can influence a recipient's production, reproduction and health. Obese and underconditioned cattle should be avoided for use. Transfer of fresh embryos especially requires precise synchronization of donors and recipients. For estrus synchronization, PGF$_2$$\alpha$ is injected twice 10 to 12 days apart and short4erm progestagen treatment is applied to potential recipient cattle by coil into vagina (PRID) or ear implant (Synchro-Mate-B). The highest pregnancy results are achieved in recipients at exact synchrony with donors or 12 to 24 hr earlier than donors. Estrus detection is a major factor in breeding efficiency. High accuracy can be achieved by use of heat mount detection alds or by obserbing cattle for 30-minute peroids 3 times daily. Assay progesterone in milk can be used to discrIminate between pregnant and nonprenant recipients. Rectal palpation on day 35 to 70 after is an accurate and safe method of pregnancy diagnosis. Embryonic mortality in recipients may be associated with factors such as high environmental temperature and nutritional or lactational stress in early lactation period. Achievement of short calving interval requires concentrated management activity during the first 90 days following calving. Acceptable candidate for a recipient should be routinely vaccinated for infectious diseases. Proper nutritional programs according to NRC requirements and body condition scoring system for recipient cattles are vital to the ultimate success of an embryo transfer program.r program.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제5집
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• pp.167-182
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• 2002

Sprachverstehen ist ein interaktiver kognitiver Prozess. Der Verlauf des Sprachverstehens ist durch die kontinuierliche Interaktion von Bottom-up- und Top­down-Prozessen gekennzeichnet. Die eingehende Information wird durch die interaktive Nutzung verschiedener sprachlicher und aussersprachlicher Wissenssysteme verarbeitet. Herangewgen wird z. B. syntaktisches Wissen, lexikalisches und semantisches Wissen, Weltwissen und pragmatisches Wissen. Das hier vorgestellte Modell stellt den Begriff des lexikalischen Kopfes als $f\"{u}r$ die Verarbeitung von $S\"{a}tzen$ zentrales Konzept heraus. $Ambiguit\"{a}ten$ werden unter $Ber\"{u}cksichtigung$ der in ihnen $repr\"{a}sentierten\;Information\;aufzul\"{o}sen$ versucht Im Unterschied zu Prinzipien wie 'minimal attachment' rekurriert 'head attachment' nicht auf eine dem Satz zugrundeliegende Struktur, sondem allein auf lexikalische Information von $K\"{o}pfen$ und deren Reihenfolge an der $Oberfl\"{a}che$ eines Satzes. Head attachment ist daher $unabh\"{a}ngig$ von Annahmen $\"{u}ber$ syntaktische Strukturen. $W\"{a}hrend$ der 'tiefere Sinn' von Prinzipien wie 'minimal attachment' darin liegen soll, eine $m\"{o}glichst$ geringe Arbeitsspeicherbelastung durch Aufbau $m\"{o}glichst$ wenig komplexer Strukturen zu $gew\"{a}hrleisten$, erreicht 'head attachment' eine Entlastung durch die $Erm\"{o}glichung\;einer\;fr\"{u}hen$ semantischen Integration, da es Anbindungen in Abh\"{a}ngigkeit$ von dem Vorhandensein von $K\"{o}pfen\;vorschl\"{a}gt$. Es ist dieser Aspekt $\"{o}konomischer$ Verarbeitung, durch Verarbeitungs­heuristiken zu einer $m\"{o}glichst\;fr\"{u}hzeitigen$ Interpretation zu gelangen, der im hier vorgestellten Modell im Vordergrund steht, und zwar im Sinne einer semantikorientierten Syntaxverarbeitung.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1460-1469
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• 2019

The extensive distribution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a threat to healthcare worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the MDR and molecular patterns of MRSA isolates in children admitted to the two biggest tertiary care pediatric hospitals in northern and southern Vietnam. A total of 168 MRSA strains were collected to determine antibiotic susceptibility by minimum inhibitory concentration tests. Antibiotic-resistant genes, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and multilocus sequence typing were used for the molecular characterization of MRSA. Among the total strains, the MDR rate (51.8%) was significantly higher in the northern hospital than in the southern hospital (73% vs. 39%, p < 0.0001). The MDR-MRSA with the highest rates were "ciprofloxacin-erythromycin-gentamicintetracyclines" (35.6%), followed by "erythromycin-tetracycline-chloramphenicol" (24.1%), and "ciprofloxacin-erythromycin-gentamicin" (19.5%), showing an accumulative total of 79.3%. The most susceptible antibiotics were rifampicin (100%) and vancomycin (100%), followed by doxycycline (94.0%), meropenem (78.0%), and cefotaxime (75.0%). The SCCmecII strains showed greater resistance to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, meropenem and cephalosporins compared with the other strains. The SCCmecII strains exhibited the highest rate in the tested genes (aacA/aphD: 55.2%, ermA/B/C: 89.7%, and tetK/M: 82.8%). ST5-SCCmecII was the predominant clone in the northern hospital, whereas SCCmecIVa was more pronounced in the southern hospital. In conclusion, our results raised concerns about the predominant MDR-MRSA strains in the pediatric hospitals in Vietnam. The north-south difference in the antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic structure of MRSA suggests different MRSA origins and various uses of antimicrobial agents between the two regions.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.57.1-57.11
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• 2020

Background: Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE) acts as an etiological agent for lameness, neurological signs, and high mortality in pigs. Despite its importance in pig industries and zoonotic potential, little is known about the effects of this pathogen. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of SDSE strains isolated from diseased pigs. Methods: A total 11 SDSE isolates were obtained from diseased pigs. Bacterial identification, PCR for virulence genes, emm typing, and antimicrobial resistance genes, multilocus sequence typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility test were performed. Results: Nine isolates were from piglets, and 8 showed lameness, sudden death, or neurological signs. The isolates were PCR-positive for sla (100%), sagA (100%), and scpA (45.5%), and only 1 isolate amplified the emm gene (stL2764). Eight different sequence types were detected, categorized into 2 clonal complexes and 4 singletons. All the isolates in this study were included in a small cluster, which also contained other strains derived from humans and horses. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the tested beta-lactams were low, while those for macrolides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones were relatively high. PCR analysis of the macrolide and tetracycline resistance genes demonstrated that the isolates carried erm(B) (18.2%, n = 2), mef(A/E) (9.1%, n = 1), tet(M) (18.2%, n = 2), and tet(O) (90.2%, n = 10). Two isolates presented a mutation in parC, which is associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Conclusion: This study provided insight into swine-derived SDSE, as it is related to veterinary medicine, and elucidated its zoonotic potential, in the context of molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance in public health.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2023

A cryptic plasmid (pTH32) was characterized from Tetragenococcus halophilus 32, an isolate from jeotgal, Korean traditional fermented seafood. pTH32 is 3,198 bp in size with G+C content of 35.84%, and contains 4 open reading frames (ORFs). orf1 and orf2 are 456 bp and 273 bp in size, respectively, and their translation products showed 65.16% and 69.35% similarities with RepB family plasmid replication initiators, respectively, suggesting the rolling-circle replication (RCR) mode of pTH32. orf3 and orf4 encodes putative hypothetical protein of 186 and 76 amino acids, respectively. A novel Tetragenococcus-Escherichia coli shuttle vector, pMJ32E (7.3 kb, Em^r), was constructed by ligation of pTH32 with pBluescript II KS(+) and an erythromycin resistance gene (ErmC). pMJ32E successfully replicated in Enterococcus faecalis 29212 and T. halophilus 31 but not in other LAB species. A pepA gene, encoding aminopeptidase A (PepA) from T. halophilus CY54, was successfully expressed in T. halophilus 31 using pMJ32E. The transformant (TF) showed higher PepA activity (49.8 U/mg protein) than T. halophilus 31 cell (control). When T. halophilus 31 TF was subculturd in MRS broth without antibiotic at 48 h intervals, 53.8% of cells retained pMJ32E after 96 h, and only 2.4% of cells retained pMJ32E after 14 days, supporting the RCR mode of pTH32. pMJ32E could be useful for the genetic engineering of Tetragenococcus and Enterococcus species.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.256-262
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• 2015

본 연구는 희소방선균 Saccharopolyspora erythreae receptor gene (SeaR)의 기능을 연구하기 위해 다른 속의 균주인 Streptomyces virginiae에 SeaR 유전자를 도입하였다. S. virginiae의 형질전환은 oriT, attP, $ermEp^{\ast}$과 SeaR 유전자 단편을 가지고 있는 ${\varphi}C31$ 유래의 integration vector인 pEV615 (6.6 kb)를 이용하여 Escherichia coli ET12567/pUZ8002를 DNA 공여체(donor)로 이용한 접합전달법(conjugal transfer)을 사용하여 확립하였다. SeaR 유전자의 삽입 유무는 PCR방법으로 확인하였고, SeaR 유전자의 전사 발현은 RT-PCR방법으로 확인하였다. S. virginiae의 경우, virginiamycins 생산은 wild type (S. virginiae)와 transformants (C1, C3) 모두 최초생산시기가 14시간으로 같았다. $VB-C_6$ 첨가시기에 따른 항생물질 유도능 확인결과 본 배양 4시간에 $VB-C_6$ 첨가 시 wild type과 transformants (C1, C3) 모두 $VB-C_6$에 의한 virginiamycins 생성이 유도되지 않았다. 본배양 6시간, 8시간에 $VB-C_6$ 첨가하였을 시 $VB-C_6$에 의한 virginiamycins 생성이 유도되는 것을 확인하였다. 이 결과는 $VB-C_6$에 의한 유도의 경우 S. virginiae 내의 BarA에 의해 VMs 생산시기가 2-4시간 단축되었다고 사료되나, transformants C1, C3의 경우 $VB-C_6$ 첨가 시 virginiamycins 생산이 억제되는 것은 SeaR이 virginiamycins 생합성 유전자에 결합하여 억제자로 기능 한다고 추정 되었다. 이러한 결과로 인하여 외부에서 도입된 SeaR gene이 virginiamycins 생산에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2015

방선균이 생산하는 이차대사산물은 자기조절인자(${\gamma}$-butyrolactone autoregulator)라고 불리는 저분자의 신호전달물질과 이에 특이적으로 결합하는 autoregulator receptor protein의 상호작용에 의해 조절되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러므로 non-host에 autoregulator receptor 혹은 pleiotropic regulator의 발현은 이차대사산물 혹은 새로운 대사화합물의 효율적인 생산을 유도할 것으로 기대된다. 희소방선균 Saccharopolyspora erythreae으로부터 receptor (seaR) 유전자의 기능을 연구하기 위해 다른 속의 균주인 Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2)로 seaR 유전자를 삽입하여 형질전환하였다. S. coelicolor A3(2)의 형질전환은 oriT, attP, $ermEp^*$과 seaR gene 단편을 가지고 있는 ${\Phi}C31$ 유래의 integration vector인 pEV615 (6.6 kb)를 이용하여 Escherichia coli ET12567/pUZ8002를 DNA 공여체로 이용한 접합전달법을 사용하여 확립하였다. seaR 유전자의 삽입 유무는 PCR방법으로 확인하였고, seaR 유전자의 전사 발현은 RT-PCR방법으로 확인하였다. S. coelicolor A3(2)의 경우 표현형 microarray 실험을 통하여 seaR 유전자의 발현에 따른 표현형의 변화를 확인하였다. 특히, 표현형 microarray 실험에 나타난 tetracycline 항생제 기질에 대하여 wild type이 transformant에 비해 빠르게 성장하는 것은 항균제 감수성 검사와 일치하였다. 이는 tetracycline 생합성 유전자 및 내성 유전자의 발현 억제에 따른 변화라고 예상할 수 있으며 이를 위하여 tetracycline 생합성 관련 유전자 및 내성 유전자의 발현 패턴 분석등과 같은 분자 수준에서의 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제13호
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• pp.327-350
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• 2007

민간경비 임무의 본질은 타인의 생명, 신체 재산을 보호하는 것이다. 타인의 법익보호 임무 수행하는 과정에서는 빈번하게 물리력을 사용하여 침해자나 관련 없는 제3자의 법칙을 침해하는 상황이 발생하게 된다. 이러한 민간경비원의 강제력 행사를 정당화하는 법적근거는 단일법령에서 정하지 않고 형법, 형사소송법 등에 산재되어 있으며, 각 개별법학의 이론들을 따르고 있어, 이에 대한 체계적인 연구가 요구된다. 원칙적으로 경비원의 법적권한은 크게 3가지로 구분될 수 있다. 그 첫째는 누구에게나 인정되는 보편적인 긴급권(Notrechte)으로서 정당방위, 긴급구조, 긴급피난, 현행범체포 등이 이에 해당한다. 둘째, 경비사용자로부터 위임받아 행사할 수 있는 권한으로는 자력구제권과 가택관리권을 들 수 있다. 또 다른 하나는 개별법령에 의해서 국가의 고권적 권한을 공무수탁의 형식으로 위임받아 수행하는 형식이 될 것이다. 본고에서는 민간경비원의 법적권한에 관한 독일에서의 논의를 자세히 소개하고, 우리 법제의 해설과 실무적 적용가능성을 검토함으로써, 민간경비원의 적법한 권한행사와 국민적 신뢰제고를 위한 이론적 토대를 마련하고자 하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.335-343
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics used in animal husbandry for disease prevention and treatment have resulted in the rapid progression of antibiotic resistant bacteria which can be introduced into the environment through livestock feces/manure, disseminating antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). In this study, fecal samples were collected from the livestock farms located in Jeju Island to investigate the relationship between microbial communities and ARGs. METHODS AND RESULTS: Illumina MiSeq sequencing was applied to characterize microbial communities within each fecal sample. Using quantitative PCR (qPCR), ten ARGs encoding tetracycline resistance (tetB, tetM), sulfonamide resistance (sul1, sul2), fluoroquinolone resistance (qnrD, qnrS), fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistance (aac(6')-Ib), beta-lactam resistance (bla_TEM, bla_CTX-M), macrolide resistance (ermC), a class 1 integronsintegrase gene (intI1), and a class 2 integrons-integrase gene (intI2) were quantified. The results showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were dominant in human, cow, horse, and pig groups, while Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were dominant in chicken group. Among ARGs, tetM was detected with the highest number of copies, followed by sul1 and sul2. Most of the genera belonging to Firmicutes showed positive correlations with ARGs and integron genes. There were 97, 34, 31, 25, and 22 genera in chicken, cow, pig, human, and horse respectively which showed positive correlations with ARGs and integron genes. In network analysis, we identified diversity of microbial communities which correlated with ARGs and integron genes. CONCLUSION(S): In this study, antibiotic resistance patterns in human and livestock fecal samples were identified. The abundance of ARGs and integron genes detected in the samples were associated with the amount of antibiotics commonly used for human and livestocks. We found diverse microbial communities associated with antibiotics resistance genes in different hosts, suggesting that antibiotics resistance can disseminate across environments through various routes. Identifying the routes of ARG dissemination in the environment would be the first step to overcome the challenge of antibiotic resistance in the future.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.102-110
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• 2007

본 연구는 조선대학교 치과병원의 진료환경 및 진료요원으로부터 기회감염성 병원체로 알려진 methicillin 또는 vancomycin 저항성 황색포도상 구균 (methicillin-or vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA or VRSA)의 존재 여부를 조사하여, 이를 광주지역 개원치과와 비교분석을 통해 현재 조선대학교 치과병원의 MRSA와 VRSA의 오염정도를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 진료실 환경 및 진료요원으로부터 분리한 S. aureus 균주들의 8종 항생제에 대한 감수성 조사를 시행하고, 기존에 알려진 항생제 내성 유전자 존재 여부를 PCR법을 이용하여 확인하였다. 그 결과, 조선대학교 치과병원의 진료요원에서 채취한 샘플 중 1개 (2.3%), 개원 치과에서는 2명 (10%)의 진료요원의 샘플에서 S. aureus가 분리되었으며, 진료환경에서는 두 곳 모두에서 S. aureus가 검출되지 않았다. 조선대학교 치과병원과 개원치과에서 분리된 S. aureus는 amoxicillin, penicillin G, ciprofloxacin clindamycin, vancomycin에 내성을 보이며 oxacillin, cefuroxime에는 균주에 따라 감수성 또는 내성을 보였다. 조선대학교 치과병원에서 분리된 S. aureus는 erythromycin과 clindamycin에 내성 유전자인 ermA가 존재하였으며, 개원치과에서 분리된 3개의 S. aureus 중 2개에서 penicillin과 oxacillin에 내성 유전자 mecA가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. Vancomycin 내성 유전자인 vanA, vanB는 어떠한 샘플에서도 검출되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합할 때, 본 연구는 조선대학교 치과병원과 개원치과의 S. aurues분포 및 MRSA 또는 VRSA의 존재여부를 조사하여 MRSA와 VRSA의 확산예방을 위한 치과진료 환경의 개선과 적절한 항생제 사용에 대한 기초 자료를 제공할 것으로 사료된다.