• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2015

Objectives To investigate clinical effects of needle embedding acupuncture treatments for chronic low back pain patients. Methods 30 patients with chronic low back pain were recruited and randomized into two groups-the embedding acupuncture group or the placebo. At baseline, the age, height, weight, visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were measured. And surface electromyography (SEMG) data of both erector spinae at L2, L4 level were also measured on both groups and asymmetry index (AI) were calculated. The embedding or placebo acupuncture treatment was performed on the erector spinae according to SEMG values; immediately after the first evaluation and 48 hours after the first visit. After 96 hours of intervention, the VAS, ODI score and SEMG of both erector spinae were measured again. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results The mean VAS, ODI score after treatment was decreased significantly compared with baseline on both groups. And the VAS, ODI score and AI of the embedding acupuncture group was more decreased significantly than the placebo (p<0.05). Conclusions The results suggest that embedding acupuncture for chronic low back pain patients was effective on the VAS pain score, ODI score and AI of the erector spinae.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the hip internal rotation on gluteal and erector spinae muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity during treadmill walking. Eleven healthy subjects were recruited. All subjects performed treadmill walking while maintaining the hip in neutral position (condition 1) and in internal rotation (condition 2). Surface EMG activity was recorded from four muscles (gluteus maximus (GM), gluteus medius (GMED), tensor fascia latae (TFL), and erector spinae (ES)) and the hip internal rotation angle was measured using a three dimensional motion analysis system. The gait cycle was determined with two foot switches, and stance phase was normalized as 100% stance phase (SP) for each condition using the MatLab 7.0 program. The normalized EMG activities according to the hip rotation (neutral or internal rotation) were compared using a paired t-test. During the entire SP of treadmill walking, the EMG activities of GM in condition 1 were significantly greater than in condition 2 (p<.05). The EMG activities of TFL and ES in condition 2 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p<.05). The EMG activities of the GMED in condition 1 were significantly greater than in condition 1 (p>.05) except for 80~100% SP. Further studies need randomized control trials regarding the effect of hip internal rotation on the hip and lumbar spine muscle activity. Kinetic variables during gait or going up and down stairs are also needed.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2008

Objective: Transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily type 1 (TRPV1), a most specific marker of the nociceptive primary afferent, is expressed in peptidergic and non-peptidergic primary afferents innervating skin and viscera. However, its expression in sensory fibers to skeletal muscle is not well known. In this study, we studied the neurochemical characteristics of TRPV1-positive primary afferents to skeletal muscles. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with total $20{\mu}l$ of 1% fast blue (FB) into the gastrocnemius and erector spinae muscle and animals were perfused 4 days after injection. FB-positive cells were traced in the L4-L5 (for gastrocnemius muscle) and L2-L4 (for erector spinae muscle) dorsal root ganglia. The neurochemical characteristics of the muscle afferents were studied with multiple immunofluorescence with TRPV1, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and $P2X_3$. To identify spinal neurons responding to noxious stimulus to the skeletal muscle, 10% acetic acids were injected into the gastrocnemius and erector spinae muscles and expression of phospho extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) in spinal cords were identified with immunohistochemical method. Results: TRPVl was expressed in about 49% of muscle afferents traced from gastrocnemius and 40% of erector spinae. Sixty-five to 60% of TRPV1-positive muscles afferents also expressed CGRP. In contrast, expression of $P2X_3$ immnoreaction in TRPV1-positive muscle afferents were about 20%. TRPV1-positive primary afferents were contacted with spinal neurons expressing pERK after injection of acetic acid into the muscles. Conclusion: It is consequently suggested that nociception from skeletal muscles are mediated by TRPV1-positive primary afferents and majority of them are also peptidergic.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to identify the effects of assuming different knee angles and hip abduction during bridge exercise and hip thrust exercise on lower body muscle activity. Design: Cross-sectional study Methods: Thirty-three healthy adults (18 men and 15 women) were instructed to perform the bridge and hip thrust exercises while randomly assuming 120°, 90° and 60° of knee flexion and 0° and 30° of hip abduction. EMG data (%maximum voluntary isometric contraction) were recorded three times from the erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM) and biceps femoris (BF) muscles of participant's dominant side and the mean values were analyzed. Results: The results showed that, during the hip thrust compared to the bridge exercise, there was significantly greater gluteus maximus muscle activity in all hip conditions while the biceps femoris activity was significantly less, and the erector spinae muscle activity was significantly greater with 30° of hip abduction (p<0.05). With all exercises, the erector spinae and the biceps femoris exhibited significantly greater muscle activity with 60° of knee flexion compared to 90° and 120° of knee flexion (p<0.05), and significantly greater muscle activity with 90° compared to 120° of knee flexion (p<0.05). In the case of the gluteus maximus, greater muscle activity was exhibited with 120° compared to 60° of knee flexion with all hip abduction conditions (p<0.05). Conclusions: It was effective for muscle activation of main agonists such as the gluteus maximus and erector spinae during thrust exercise, and the change in knee flexion angle was effective for muscle activation of the gluteus maximus. Therefore, it is considered that this study can be used as a selective indicator of the target movement angle during hip strengthening exercise for specific muscles.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2018

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the trunk stabilization exercise in the musical tempo on lumbar lordosis angle, muscle activity and pain. Methods : For the 30 people with lumbar lordosis angle legion and back pain, a random selection was made with MLSE (15) and LSE (15) to measure VAS, lumbar lordosis angle and Muscle Activity. Result : There were significant decreases in intra group comparisons to lumbar lordosis angle were seen in MLSE and LSE groups, and significant decreases in inter group comparisons in MLSE groups. significant decreases in intra group comparisons to VAS were seen in MLSE and LSE groups, and significant decreases in inter group comparisons in MLSE groups. Significant intra-group comparison of muscle activity, MLSE groups increases were rectus obdominis(right/left) and erector spinae muscle(right/left), LSE groups increases were erector spinae muscle(right/left), and significant increases in inter group comparisons rectus obdominis(right) and erector spinae muscle(left) in MLSE groups Conclusion : Based on the above findings, a program to restore the lumbar lordosis angle, and increase muscle strength should be developed at by applying the combine existing trunk stabilization physical therapy technique and musical tempo.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.319-324
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• 2012

Purpose: This study examined the muscle activities of the erector spinae (ES) and gluteus maximus (GM) during bridging exercises with and without abdominal-hollowing. Methods: Nineteen healthy subjects with no medical history of low back pain or hip flexion contracture were enrolled in this study. The subjects performed bridging exercises with and without abdominal hollowing or with and without a one-leg lift. The muscle activities of the ES and GM were measured by surface electromyography during bridging exercises under each condition. A 2 (abdominal hollowing)X2 (one-leg lift) repeated ANOVA was used to compare the normalized muscle activities of the ES and GM. Results: The muscle activity of the ES during bridging exercise with abdominal-hollowing was significantly smaller than that without abdominal-hollowing (p=0.00). The muscle activities of the GM during bridging exercise with abdominal-hollowing were significantly greater than those without abdominal-hollowing (p=0.00). In addition, the muscle activities of the GM during bridging exercise with one-leg lifting was significantly greater than that without one-leg lifting (p=0.00). Conclusion: Bridging exercise with abdominal-hollowing appears to be more effective on activating the GM muscle than that without abdominal-hollowing minimizing the activation of the ES muscle.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in back muscles in patients with chronic back pain. Accordingly, we studied 154 patients with chronic low back pain with regard to area, aspect and triggering position of the pain. We also determined muscle atrophy in painful areas. Methods: Subjects were questioned about pain and a pain provoking test was done. On Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), we measured cross sections of the multifidus, erector spinae, iliopsoas and quadratus lumborum muscles at each spinal level. Results: Muscles in painful regions (multifidus and erector spinae muscles) decreased in area significantly more than nonpainful regions, and showed a significant difference (p<0.05) at levels L3, L4, and L5. Painful regions of the iliopsoas and quadratus lumborum did not change significantly more than non-painful regionsexcept at L5 (p<0.05). The group that had unilateral low back pain showed a significant decrease in cross section compared to the group that had central or bilateral pain (p<0.05). Conclusion: Chronic low back pain causes variable decreases in cross-sectional areas of some but not all back muscles, and at some but not all spinal levels.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the selected electromyographical muscle activities of trunk and hip during Professional and Amateur golfer's Iron swing. Using surface electromyography, we evaluated muscle activities in 6 male professional golfers and 6 male amateur golfers during the golf iron swing. Surface electrodes were used to record the level of muscle activity in the right abdominal oblique, left abdominal oblique, right erector spinae, left erector spinae, right rectus abdominis, left rectus abdominis, right gluteus maximus, left gluteus maximus muscles during the golfer's swing. These signals were compared with IEMG(Integrated EMG) which was normalized by %RVC(Reference voluntary contraction). The golf swing was divided into three phases: take away, forward swing-acceleration, follow-through. We observed patterns of trunk muscle activity throughout three phases of the golf swing. The results can be summarized as follows: LES(Left Erector spinae) had statistically significant difference in take away and forward swing-acceleration phases. It was showed no significant difference in follow-through phase.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.741-747
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the EMG activities of the trunk muscles when carrying a backpack with belts and without belts. Background: This research aimed to explore the influence of carrying a backpack with belts on the trunk muscles activity and to suggest a desirable method of wearing backpacks. Method: Seventy five adolescents participated in this study. The EMG activities of upper trapezious, cervical erector spinae and rectus abdominis were collected. One way ANOVA was used to analyze the collected data. LSD was used for post-hoc test. Results: The EMG data from treadmill walking showed significant differences between carrying a backpack with belts and without belts for the cervical erector spinae and upper trapezious(p<.05) in all group(A Group: no belt, B Group: lumbar belt, C Group: lumbar-chest belt). In descending walking, significant difference were found for the cervical erector spinae and rectus abdominis in all group. In ascending walking, there were no significant differences in all group. LSD showed that the muscle activity of the trunk muscles decreased significantly when the lumbar belt and lumbar-chest belt were worn. Conclusion: The trunk muscles activities were decreased when the subjects were wearing a backpack with belts, comparing with wearing a backpack without belts. Application: These results can be used to provide useful information on how wearing a backpack in adolescent.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.63-71
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• 1998

Trunk holding test (Sorensen test) appear to have more value than strength test in prediction the occurrence of low back pain. Electromyographic activity of trunk extensor muscles during these test may provide clues to the etiology of neuromuscular-based low back pain. This study investigated the difference in back muscle endurance between healthy adult men and women using surface electromyographic (EMG) power spectral analysis. Thirty hea1thy subjects (15 men and 15 women) performed an unsupported trunk holding test for 60 seconds. Recording surface electrodes were placed over the erector spinae medially and laterally at vertebral levels of $L_1$ and $L_5$. Slope of total frequency was evaluated using the MP100WSW Fast Fourier Transform spectrum analysis program. The slopes of all indices of back muscle fatigue, except right $L_5$, were significantly steeper in men than in women (p<0.05). Our results indicated that the trunk holding test using EMG power spectral analysis of erector spinae muscles is useful for the evaluation of fatigue rate of these muscles. Our results also showed a higher muscle endurance in healthy adult women than in men.