• Wind and Structures
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.493-506
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• 2017

Wind-induced response behavior of long-span roof structures is very complicated, showing significant contributions of multiple vibration modes. The largest load effects in a huge number of members should be considered for the sake of the equivalent static wind loads (ESWLs). Studies on essential matters and necessary conditions of the universal ESWLs are discussed. An efficient method for universal ESWLs on long-span roof structures is proposed. The generalized resuming forces including both the external wind loads and inertial forces are defined. Then, the universal ESWLs are given by a combination of eigenmodes calculated by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis. Firstly, the least squares method is applied to a matrix of eigenmodes by using the influence function. Then, the universal ESWLs distribution is obtained which reproduces the largest load effects simultaneously. Secondly, by choosing the eigenmodes of generalized resuming forces as the basic loading distribution vectors, this method becomes efficient. Meanwhile, by using the constraint equations, the universal ESWLs becomes reasonable. Finally, reproduced largest load effects by load-response-correlation (LRC) ESWLs and universal ESWLs are compared with the actual largest load effects obtained by the time domain response analysis for a long-span roof structure. The results demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of the proposed universal ESWLs method.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 1995년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.528-533
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• 1995

An analyical method is proposed to construct a clamp jointed structure as an equivalent stiffness matrix element in the finite element modal analysis of a complex beam structure. Static structural analysis was first made for the detail finite element model of the clamp joint. Utilizing the results of this analysis, the equivalent stiffness matrix element was buildup by using the flexibility influence coefficient method and Guyan condensation. The proposed method was applied to finite element modal analysis of a clamp jointed cantilever beam. And the finite element analysis results were compared to those experimental modal analysis. Comparison shows doog agreement each other Furthermore the effects of normal contact(or clamping) load on the equivalent stiffness matrix was also examined. The equivalent stiffness matrix showed little change in spite of the remakable increase in the contact load on the clamp joint.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2013

동하중을 고려하는 구조해석은 전산자원과 시간측면에서 상당한 어려움이 따르기 때문에 외력을 이상적인 정하중으로 가정하는 것이 일반적이다. 그러나 정하중 조건으로 해석된 결과는 구조물의 안전설계 측면에서 충분한 신뢰를 주기 어렵다. 최근에는, 동하중의 영향을 받는 구조물의 효과적인 구조해석을 위해 동하중을 등가정하중으로 변환하는 기법이 제안되어 왔다. 이 기법은 최적화를 통해 구속조건을 만족하는 최소의 등가정하중을 구하는데, 구속조건은 임계시간의 변위를 사용하고, 등가정하중 분포 자유도는 경험적으로 선정하여 왔다. 그러나 안전설계 관점에서는 응력 구속조건을 적용하는 것이 타당하며, 경험적 자유도 선정은 몇 개의 자유도에 과도한 하중이 부과되거나 구조물의 거동에 영향력이 없는 자유도들이 선정될 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 등가응력 구속조건을 고려하는 등가정하중 최적화 방법을 제안하고, 축소시스템 개념을 도입한 주자유도, 구속조건 요소 자유도, 외부하중 자유도로 구성되는 등가정하중 분포 자유도의 구성방법을 제안한다. 수치예제에서는 제안된 방법으로 구해진 등가정하중을 사용하여 등가응력을 구하고 동하중 해석 결과와 비교함으로써 제안된 방법을 통한 구조해석 방법이 구조안전성 측면에서 타당함을 보인다.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.145-151
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• 1999

This paper presents the characteristic analysis method of PMLSM based on the Space Harmonic Analysis method considering the effect of stator slots. The magnetic field for unslotted primary can be easily calculated by the conventional space harmonic analysis method and the resultant magnetic field including slot effect is obtained using the concept of the virtual Equivalent Magnetizing Current(EMC) on primary core. And the influence of space harmonics in airgap flux density and static thrust due to slots is evaluated. In this paper, the results of the analytical method are compared with not only the experimental ones but ones of FEM to verify the validity of the proposed method.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.619-627
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• 2014

본 논문은 등가정하중을 이용하여 제어시스템을 포함한 구조물의 설계를 위한 최적화 방법을 제안한다. 지난 연구는 구조물과 제어시스템 최적설계를 독립적으로 분리하여 수행하였고, 구조물과 제어시스템을 동시에 최적화하여도 제어시스템의 제어변수는 정상상태에서만 최적화하여 성능을 향상시켰다. 하지만 제어변수는 모든 시간영역에서 최적화해야 한다. 즉, 제어시스템의 해석은 과도상태에서 수행해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 등가정하중을 이용하여 제어변수를 포함하는 제어시스템 구조물의 최적설계를 위한 방법을 제시하였다. 등가정하중은 동적하중이 구조물에 작용할 때 발생하는 임의 시간에서의 변위장과 동일한 변위장을 만들어내는 정하중을 의미한다. 이렇게 계산된 등가정하중을 이용하여 설계영역에서 선형정적응답 최적설계를 진행한다. 몇 가지 예제를 통해 새로운 등가정하중을 적용한 동적응답 최적설계방법의 유용성을 확인하였다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.100-105
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 수계소화설비 가압송수장치의 파이프라인에 대한 내진설계를 수행하였다. 내진해석에 필요한 내진설계용 스펙트럼에 대응하는 인공지진 진동파형을 작성하였고, 작성된 인공지진 진동에 대한 응답 스펙트럼 가속도를 결정하여 등가정적하중을 결정하였다. 내진설계를 위한 공학적 기반을 구축하였으며, 수계 및 가스계 파이프 시스템의 내진설계를 위한 등가정적해석법을 제시하였다. 또한 본 연구의 결과로부터 수계설비의 파이프라인뿐만 아니라 소방설비의 내진설계 및 성능평가에 응용할 수 있는 기틀을 마련하였다. 향후 진도규모 및 지반종류에 따른 추가적인 연구가 수행된다면 소방시스템의 신뢰성 향상과 안전성 제고, 성능위주설계가 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 본다.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2020

In this paper, the ASCE 7 equivalent static approach for seismic design of non-structural elements is critically evaluated based on the measured floor acceleration data, theory of structural dynamics, and linear/nonlinear dynamic analysis of three-dimensional building models. The analysis of this study on the up-to-date database of the instrumented buildings in California clearly reveals that the measured database does not well corroborate the magnitude and the profile of the floor acceleration as proposed by ASCE 7. The basic flaws in the equivalent static approach are illustrated using elementary structural dynamics. Based on the linear and nonlinear dynamic analyses of three-dimensional case study buildings, it is shown that the magnitude and distribution of the PFA (peak floor acceleration) can significantly be affected by the supporting structural characteristics such as fundamental period, higher modes, structural nonlinearity, and torsional irregularity. In general, the equivalent static approach yields more conservative acceleration demand as building period becomes longer, and the PFA distribution in long-period buildings tend to become constant along the building height due to the higher mode effect. Structural nonlinearity was generally shown to reduce floor acceleration because of its period-lengthening effect. Torsional floor amplification as high as 250% was observed in the building model of significant torsional irregularity, indicating the need for inclusion of the torsional amplification to the equivalent static approach when building torsion is severe. All these results lead to the conclusion that, if permitted, dynamic methods which can account for supporting structural characteristics, should be preferred for rational seismic design of non-structural elements.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2004

Generally, structural optimization is carried out based on external static loads. All forces have dynamic characteristics in the real world. Mathematical optimization with dynamic loads is extremely difficult in a large-scale problem due to the behaviors in the time domain. In practical applications, it is customary to transform the dynamic loads into static loads by dynamic factors, design codes, and etc. But the optimization results with the unreasonably transformed loads cannot give us good solutions. Recently, a systematic transformation has been proposed as an engineering algorithm. Equivalent static loads are made to generate the same displacement field as the one from dynamic loads at each time step of dynamic analysis. Thus, many load cases are used as the multiple loading conditions which are not costly to include in modem structural optimization. In this research, the proposed algorithm is applied to the optimization of flexible multibody dynamic systems. The equivalent static load is derived from the equations of motion of a flexible multibody dynamic system. A few examples that have been solved before are solved to be compared with the results from the proposed algorithm.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기기기및에너지변환시스템부문B
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• 제51권8호
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• pp.413-424
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• 2002

Recently, in the linear motion system, high performances are required In dynamic characteristics. Vector control method is capable of instantaneous thrust control can meet these high performance requirements. Linear induction motor(LIM) have static and dynamic end effects due to its finite core length, so that per-phase impedances are asymmetric and an air gap flux distribution is distorted. These points of the d-q axis equivalent circuit model considering both end effects is more complicated. This paper proposes the d-q axis equivalent circuit and the vector control method considering both static and dynamic end effects of the LIM. As a result, it is shown that the results of the equivalent circuit method(ECM) have a good agreement with those of the finite element method(FEM).

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.999-1004
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• 2004

A numerical method and algorithms is proposed to perform optimization of non-linear response structures. An analytical and numerical method based finite element method is also proposed for the transformation of non-linear response into linear response. Loads transformed from this method are defined as the equivalent linear loads. With the loads and the transformed response, linear static optimization is performed for nonlinear response structure with geometric and/or material non-linearity. The results of the optimization are compared with them of typical non-linear response optimization using finite difference method. The proposed method is very efficient and derives good solution.