• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.160-164
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• 2015

The effects of different ingredient formulations on physicochemical qualities and consumer preferences were investigated using Baikseolgi incorporated with pomegranate concentrate (PC), a healthy food ingredient, as a model system. PC was incorporated into the formulation at five different amounts [0%, 1.6%, 3.3%, 5%, and 6.6% (w/w)] by replacing the equivalent amount of water added. After appropriate mixing, rice cakes were steamed and quality attributes were evaluated after cooling. The pH decreased while moisture content increased significantly with increased PC substitution (P<0.05). Lightness decreased significantly from 82.33 to 65.09 with higher incorporation of PC (P<0.05), indicating that the color of Baikseolgi became darker. Redness and yellowness, on the other hand, increased significantly (P<0.05). Hardness gradually increased as the PC content increased in the formulation (P<0.05). In addition, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased significantly (P<0.05), and they were well correlated. The overall consumer acceptance results indicate that incorporation of 1.6% PC in the formulation of Baikseolgi is recommended to take advantage of the health benefits of PC without sacrificing quality acceptance by consumers.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1-17
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• 2002

The immobilization and consolidation of the model coatings based on the plastic pigment and latex binder of known particle sizes were theoretically Studied in terms of the dense random packing of binary spheres and varying extent of latex film shrinkage. The porosity of the model coatings was calculated based on three proposed latex shrinkage models: Maximum, Minimum, and Linearly Decreasing Latex Shrinkage. The increasing extent of latex shrinkage was calculated up to the critical pigment volume concentration(CPVC) as a function of plastic pigment volume fractions, and the maximum latex shrinkage was estimated from the CPVC. Also, the number of pores and the average equivalent spherical pore diameters were calculated based on those proposed models. The opacity and gloss of the model coatings on polyester films were measured and their porosity was also determined by a simple coat weight-thickness method. As expected, various coating structure-property-composition relationships, such as opacity, gloss, porosity, etc., were shown to exhibit sharp transitions near the CPVC. The CPVC values determined by the opacity, gloss, and porosity vs. PVC relationships, respectively, agreed very well with each other. Especially, the CPVC's determined by the opacity and porosity vs. PVC curves were identical. The comparison between the theoretically calculated and experimental porosity values showed that the intermediate value between the maximum and minimum latex shrinkage would best fit the experimental porosity data. The effect of plastic pigment particle size on the optical properties and porosity of model coatings was also studied and it was observed that the coating opacity and porosity increased with increasing plastic pigment particle size, but the gloss decreased. The ink gloss of the uncalendered model coatings applied onto commercial sheet offset coated papers was shown to be affected by both the coating gloss and porosity: the higher the coating gloss, the higher the ink gloss, but the higher the coating porosity, the lower the ink gloss. Their printability was also studied in terms of the number of passes-to-fail and the rate of ink setting as a function of both plastic pigment volume fractions and plastic pigment particle sizes. A minimum crack-free temperature(MCR) of latex-bound coatings was proposed to better predict the behaviors of latexes as coating binders. The wet state of model coating dispersions, the surfaces of consolidated model coatings, and their internal structure were examined by both electron and atomic force microscopy, and their micrographs were found to be consistent with our immobilization and consolidation models.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.187-195
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• 2014

In this paper, we report new OSL ages of the marine terrace sediments at Suryum fault site, using single grains of quartz, and briefly discuss their chronological implications on the timing of terrace formation along the southeastern coast of Korea. Of 1200 grains measured, 93 quartz grains were found to have OSL properties suitable for dating, the equivalent dose ($D_e$) values of which varied significantly, ranging from 50 Gy to 610 Gy with the overdispersion of $30{\pm}4%$. Applied to the Central Age Model (CAM) and Minimum Age Model (MAM), these quartz grains showed the OSL ages of $83{\pm}4ka$ and $60^{+3}{_{-7}}ka$, respectively, both of which are stratigraphically inconsistent with the previously reported OSL ages of lower $2^{nd}$ terrace (MIS 5a; ~80 ka). However, Finite Mixture Model (FMM) revealed that a small fraction of the measured quartz grains ($6{\pm}4%$) were of the ages ($194{\pm}24ka$) corresponding to MIS 7. Conclusively, based on single grain OSL ages, it would be prudent not to exclude the possibility that the marine terrace sediments at Suryum fault site have formed during MIS 7. Further, our single grain OSL ages imply that multiple grain(single aliquot) OSL dating methods are not applicable to the marine sediments at Suryum fault site.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.273-279
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• 2017

Curcumin have various health-beneficial properties in numerous studies. However, its bioavailability is low due to its limited intestinal uptake and rapid metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of newly developed sub-micron particle curcumin with increased water dispersibility (Theracurmin(R) CR-033P). Plasma curcumin levels were measured at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 h after Theracurmin(R) CR-033P intake using high-performance liquid chromatography. For analyzing pharmacokinetics of Theracurmin(R) CR-033P, eighteen healthy subjects were recruited and received Theracurmin(R) CR-033P at a single oral dose containing curcumin 30 mg. $C_{max}$ was 28.14 ng/ml, and the area under the curve for 8 h was estimated to be 104.36 ng/ml. Based on the area under the plasma concentration (AUC), the bioavailability of sub-micron particle curcumin was higher 22-, 35-, 28-fold than native curcumin in men, women, and all subjects, respectively. For comparing by formulation, seven healthy subjects were recruited and received two type of treatment: (1) existing dosage form 300 mg (contained curcumin 30 mg) ${\times}$ 3 capsule, (2) high dosage form 300 mg (contained curcumin 90 mg) ${\times}$ 1 capsule + placebo 300 mg ${\times}$ 2 capsule. In the cross-over study, there was no significant differences in $C_{max}$ and AUC of plasma curcumin. In conclusion, submicron particle curcumin with increased water dispersibility significantly improved its oral bioavailability and women absorbed curcumin more effectively than men. Different formulation of Theracurmin(R) CR-033P has shown equivalent to the reference in terms of pharmacokinetics.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.561-577
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• 2021

The compacted bentonite buffer in a geological repository for high-level radioactive waste disposal is saturated due to groundwater inflow. Saturation of the bentonite buffer results in bentonite swelling and bentonite penetration into the rock discontinuities present around the disposal hole. The penetrated bentonite is exposed to groundwater flow and can be eroded out of the repository, resulting in bentonite mass loss which can affect the physical integrity of the engineered barrier system. Hence, the evaluation of buffer-rock interactions and coupled behavior due to groundwater inflow and bentonite penetration is necessary to ensure long-term disposal safety. In this study, the effects of the bentonite penetration and swelling on the physical properties of jointed rock mass were evaluated using the quasi-static resonant column test. Jointed rock specimens with bentonite penetration were manufactured using Gyeongju bentonite and hollow cylindrical granite rock discs obtained from the KAERI underground research tunnel. The effects of vertical stress and saturation were assessed using the P-wave and S-wave velocities for intact rock, jointed rock and jointed rock with bentonite penetration specimens. The joint normal and joint shear stiffnesses of each joint condition were inferred from the wave velocity results assuming an equivalent continuum. The joint normal and joint shear stiffnesses obtained from this study can be used as input factors for future numerical analysis on the performance evaluation of geological waste disposal considering rock discontinuities.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.101-120
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• 2023

Electrical resistivity survey have been widely conducted at diverse scales, from a few centimeters for laboratory tests to kilometers for field tests. It measures electrical resistance through relationship of electric potential difference and current between two electrodes penetrated on the surface of medium, and eventually quantifies electrical resistivity known as inherent properties of the medium. In field or full-scale test, it assumes the electrodes as equivalent half-sphere electrodes that have a same surface area with different electrodes for ease of calculation because the contact area between electrode and medium is small and sufficient distance between two electrodes. However, small-scale laboratory test is significantly affected by the electrode geometries (penetrated depth, height, radius of electrode and distance between electrodes), which change the equipotential surface and electric current flow. Indeed, the electrode geometries may eventually cause a difference of electrical resistivity value. This study reviews the theoretical electrical resistance derived with various electrode geometries (half-sphere, cylinder, cylindrical with half-spherical tip, cylindrical with conical tip) and verifies the developed numerical module by comparing results with the theoretical electrical resistance. The distributions of electrical resistance around electrodes and among electrodes are analyzed. In addition, it is discussed how the electrical characteristic of cylindrical electrode with conical tip widely used in field test has effect on the electric current flow.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2022

This study employed a 3-D numerical analysis based on the distinct element method to estimate the strength and deformability of a Cretaceous biotite granitic rock mass at Gijang, Busan, Korea. A workflow was proposed to evaluate the scale effect and the representative elementary volume (REV) of mechanical properties for fractured rock masses. Directional strength and deformability parameters such as block strength, deformation modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus were estimated for a discrete fracture network (DFN) in a cubic block the size of the REV. The size of the mechanical REV for fractured rock masses in the study area was determined to be a 15 m cube. The mean block strength and mean deformation modulus of the DFN cube block were found to be 52.8% and 57.7% of the intact rock's strength and Young's modulus, respectively. A constitutive model was derived for the study area that describes the linear-elastic and orthotropic mechanical behavior of the rock mass. The model is expected to help evaluate the stability of tunnels and underground spaces through equivalent continuum analysis.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.6C
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• pp.339-347
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• 2008

The penetration of the probe produces the excess pore pressure due to the disturbance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the disturbance zone by using the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure, which was generated due to the penetration of the penetrometer with different size. The CPT, DMT and FVP (Field Velocity Probe) are adopted for in-situ tests. The tests are carried out in the construction site of north container pier of Busan new port, Korea where is accelerating the consolidation settlement using plastic board drains (PBD) and surcharges by crushed gravels. The coefficient of consolidation $(C_h)$ and soil properties are deduced by the laboratory test. The in-site tests are performed after the predrilling the surcharge zone at the point of 90% degree of consolidation. To minimize the penetration effect, the horizontal distance between penetration tests is 3m, the change of the pore pressure is monitored at the fixed depth of 24m. The coefficient of consolidation $(C_h)$ and the $t_{50}s$ are calculated based on the laboratory test and the in-situ data, respectively. The equvalent radi based on the $t_{50}$ shows that the FVP and the DMT produce the smallest and the greatest equivalent radi, respectively.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.594-609
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• 2023

TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) method is gaining popularity in urban and underwater tunneling projects due to its ability to ensure excavation face stability and minimize environmental impact. Among the prominent models for predicting disc cutter life, the NTNU model uses the Cutter Life Index(CLI) as a key parameter, but the complexity of testing procedures and rarity of equipment make measurement challenging. In this study, CLI was predicted using multiple linear regression analysis and tree-based machine learning techniques, utilizing rock properties. Through literature review, a database including rock uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, equivalent quartz content, and Cerchar abrasivity index was built, and derived variables were added. The multiple linear regression analysis selected input variables based on statistical significance and multicollinearity, while the machine learning prediction model chose variables based on their importance. Dividing the data into 80% for training and 20% for testing, a comparative analysis of the predictive performance was conducted, and XGBoost was identified as the optimal model. The validity of the multiple linear regression and XGBoost models derived in this study was confirmed by comparing their predictive performance with prior research.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.244-251
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• 1991

This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of magnesium-and boron-enriched complex fertilizer(CF, N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O-MgO-B$_2$O$_3$: 14-10-12-3-0.2) on the maintenance and management of hilly pasture. The effectiveness of CF was compared to those of some straight fertilizers (SF). This first part of the study was concerned with the soil chemical properties and the mutural balances of mineral nutrients in the soils of a mixed grass-clover and a pure grass swards. The results of a two-year field experiment are summarized as follows: 1. The Mg contents in the soils of the CF plots were higher than those of the SF plots. On the other hand, the Ca contents were higher in the SF plots than in the CF plots. The contents of Mg and Ca, and CEC, except K, in both the CF and SF plots were considerably below the optimum levels. At the normal application rate of NPK, the contents of available P$_2$O$_{5}$ were close to the optimum level in both the CF and SF plots. 2. The contents of exchangeable Mg were lower than the K contents in soils of all the plots. At the normal application rate of NPK, the Mg contents in the CF plots, but not in the SF plots, were close to the critical level for general crops (0.29me Mg/100g soil). The Mg contents in soils of all the plots, however, were considerably below the critical level for pasture forages and grazing cows (0.41me/100g). 3. Considering the desirable base saturation level of soil, the saturation levels of Ca and Mg were insufficient in both the CF and SF plots. The saturation levels of Mg in the CF plots, however, were relatively good compared with the SF plots. The equivalent ratios or Mg/K, Ca/Mg. Ca:Mg:K, and %Mg of CEC in soils were generally unfavorable in all the plots. These ratios of the CF plots, however, were relatively better than those of the SF plots. 4. Considering the contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in soils, it is suggested that the application of slaked magnesium lime as a soil amelioration might be desirable for the fundamental increment of those contents at pasture establishment.