• Human Ecology Research
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.573-588
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• 2018

This study analyzed per capita consumption expenditure by the consumption quintile of Middle and Older Elderly Households and the variables that affected it. Sample of 2,983 households was collected from the 6th KLoSA in 2016. First, when comparing the HH's living expenses by the number of family members, two persons to a person ratio, more than six persons to a person ratio were 2.007 and 4.148, respectively. The ratio increased as the number of family member increased; however, the rate of ratio increase decreased. Second, the per capita living expenses for the first and fifth quintile were 5.11 million won and 16.93 million won at the per capita living expenses that applied the OECD's equivalence scale to the HH's living expenses. The per capita living expenses for the fifth quintile was 3.31 times higher than in the first quintile. Third, among the variables influencing per capita living expenses by the consumption quintile, the marital status was the significant for all consumption quintiles; however, HH's income, HH's total asset, HH's financial asset, pension, subjective perception of the economy class, home ownership, residence (metropolitan or small city), education (elementary school), participation groups were significant in some quintiles among all quintiles. Fourth, of the significant variables influencing per capita living expenses, the most influential variables were first quintile followed by second quintile, third quintile, fourth quintile, marital status, HH's income, home ownership, HH's total asset, participation groups, residence (metropolitan), subjective perception of the economy class, in order.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

본 연구에서는, 서로 독립인 확률변수들의 합 $S_n$이 수렴하는 경우에, 확률변수들의 Tail 합 $T_n=S-S_{n-1}=\sum_{i=n}^{\infty}X_i$의 극한 성질을 연구함으로써, $S_n$이 하나의 확률변수 S로 수렴하는 속도를 연구한다. 좀 더 구체적으로 말하자면, 유사-단조감소(Quasi-monotone decreasing)하는 상수(Norming constants)의 수열에 대하여, 확률변수들의 Tail 합에 대한 약대수법칙과 하나의 수렴법칙이 동등함을 정리로 기술하고 증명하여, 기존의 연구 결과를 더 넓은 부류의 상수들의 경우에 적용할 수 있도록 확장한다.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.27-58
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• 2009

Aggregation join queries are an important class of queries over data streams. These queries involve both join and aggregation operations, with window-based joins followed by an aggregation on the join output. All existing research address join query optimization and aggregation query optimization as separate problems. We observe that, by putting them within the same scope of query optimization, more efficient query execution plans are possible through more versatile query transformations. The enabling idea is to perform aggregation before join so that the join execution time may be reduced. There has been some research done on such query transformations in relational databases, but none has been done in data streams. Doing it in data streams brings new challenges due to the incremental and continuous arrival of tuples. These challenges are addressed in this paper. Specifically, we first present a query processing model geared to facilitate query transformations and propose a query transformation rule specialized to work with streams. The rule is simple and yet covers all possible cases of transformation. Then we present a generic query processing algorithm that works with all alternative query execution plans possible with the transformation, and develop the cost formulas of the query execution plans. Based on the processing algorithm, we validate the rule theoretically by proving the equivalence of query execution plans. Finally, through extensive experiments, we validate the cost formulas and study the performances of alternative query execution plans.

• 정보관리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.27-47
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 다국어 시소러스에 수록된 디스크립터간의 관계를 온톨로지 언어로 표현하는 실험을 수행하였다. 대등관계는 equivalentClass와 equivalentProperty, sameAS 등으로, 그리고 연관관계는 ObjectProperty을 비롯하여 DatatypeProperty, inverseOf 등으로 표현할 수 있었다. 이러한 언어를 기반으로 실제 AAT에 배정된 디스크립터와 ICCD에서 구축한 다국어 시소러스의 디스크립터를 대상으로 디스크립터의 한글화 작업이 수행되었으며, 다국어간 개념일치를 위해 패싯개념이 시소러스 구조에 이용되었다. 본 연구를 통한 실험의 결과 다국어 시소러스를 온톨로지로 표현하기 위해서는 속성관련 온톨로지 언어를 사용하는 것이 가장 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한연소학회 2003년도 제27회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.83-88
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• 2003

The concept of lean-premixed combustion in gas turbine combustor operation has become a standard in recent years as an effective means to meet stringent environmental standards on NOx emissions. Various types of air-fuel premixer, which affect greatly NOx emission and stability of lean-premixed low NOx combustor, were investigated experimentally to reduce the NOx emission. One type of the premixers is selected by experiments and applied it to 70kW class lean-premixed gas turbine combustor. The exit temperature and emissions of CO and NOx were measured with equivalence ratios at ambient pressure. From the results, the emissions of CO and NOx were influenced by the type of air-fuel premixer. As the mixing length of air and fuel is longer, the NOx and CO emission were decreased in the primary reaction zone. Compared with of conventional combustor, the lean-premixed low NOx combustor has low NOx emission characteristics.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.215-229
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• 2018

Despite the importance of learning to do mathematical proofs, researchers have reported that not only secondary school students but also undergraduate students have difficulties in learning proofs. In this study, we introduced a new toll for learning proofs and explored the reliability and the validity of peer assessment on proofs. In the course of a university in Seoul, students were given weekly proof assignments prior to class. After solving the proofs, each student had to assess other students' proofs. The inter-rater reliabilities of weekly peer assessment was higher than .9 over 90 percent of the observed cases. To examine the validity of peer assessment, we check whether students' assessments were similar to expert assessment. Analysis showed that the equivalence has been quite high throughout the semester and the validity was low in the middle of the semester but rose by the end of the semester. Based on these results, we believe instructors can consider the application of peer assessment on proving tasks as a tool to help students learn.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2000년도 제13회 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회 학술발표 논문집
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• pp.686-691
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• 2000

최근 들어 인터넷의 사용이 급격히 증가함에 따라 인터넷의 백본망에는 패킷 전달의 고속성, 확장성 뿐만 아니라 QOS 보장을 요구하게 되었다. 효과적인 인터넷 백본망을 구현하기 위해 본 논문에서는 Multi-Protocol Label Switching(MPLS)를 고려하고 MPLS 에서 인터넷 Quality Of Service(QOS) 서비스 모델 중 백본망에 적합한 Differentiated Service(DS) 모델을 그대로 제공하기 위해 MPLS 와 DS 의 연동에 대한 문제를 다룬다. 우선 MPLS 에서 QOS 제공을 위한 기능요소를 정성적으로 분석한다. 그리고 두 DS 망 가운데 ATM 기반의 MPLS 망을 두고 있는 경우를 가정하여, 종단대 종단간 DS 제공을 위하여 DS 망과 MPLS 망에서의 시그널링 과정을 제안한다. 즉, DS 의 BB 로부터 SLA 를 위한 신호를 MPLS 의 입구 라우터에서 해석하여 DS Type-Length-Value(TLV)를 만들고 이를 이용하여 Constraint-based Label Distribution Protocol(CR-LDP) 시그널링을 통해 마다 Label-Only-Inferred-PSC LSP(L-LSP)를 설립하여 MPLS 에서 DS QOS 를 그대로 제공한다. 또한 입구 DS BB 로부터의 정보를 MPLS 망을 통해 BB 에게 보낸다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.91-102
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• 2015

Objectives : The Oriental medical device industry is expected to continue to experience significant growth. It should increase its global market share rather than focusing on the domestic market. Countries around the world self-regulate their domestic market, so this study aims to aid in the development of a particular overseas market by introducing the U.S.(the largest market) medical device registration and approval process. Methods : For an understanding of the US medical device licensing process, we researched the relevant regulatory organization (FDA), the history, definition and classification of medical devices, the approval and 510(k) submission process related to substantial equivalence, IEC 60601-1 Edition 3, usability tests, and so on. Results : Medical devices in the United States are assigned to one of three regulatory classes: Class I, Class II and Class III, based on the level of control necessary to assure the safety and effectiveness of the device. If a company's device is classified as Class II and if it is not exempt, a 510k will be required for marketing. 1) A 510(k) is a premarket submission made to the FDA to demonstrate that the new device to be marketed is "substantially equivalent" to a legally marketed device (predicate device) 2) The IEC 60601-1 Edition 3 preparation process, which contains information related to usability, is expensive and time-consuming but a critical requirement. Conclusions : Although the U.S. market has high barriers to entry, access to this, large overseas market will encourage development of the Oriental medical device industry and commercial value enhancement is expected.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1996년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.208-208
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• 1996

In this work we investigated coupling of the m2 and m4 subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity in detector neuroblastoma cells was used as an index of generation of nitric oxide (NO) in CHO cells. The agonist carbachol induced marked time and concentration-dependent enhancement of the activity of nNOS at m2 receptors. In sharp contrast, the response in CHO cells transfected with the m4 receptor gene was similar in magnitude to that observed in non-transfected cells, suggesting lack of significant coupling of m4 muscarinic receptors to NO signaling. This novel observation of functional divergence of the two muscarinic receptor subtypes at the level of activation of nNOS is quite intriguing, in light of the currently accepted dogma that they belong to the same functional class. This functional selectivity was not due to differential effects on intracellular Ca$\^$2+/ concentration, since activation of both subtypes of muscarinic receptors produced a comparable, albeit quite small, Ca$\^$2+/ signal. Taken together, our present data strongly suggest that the generally assumed functional equivalence of m2 and m4 muscarinic receptors should be carefully reexamined. These data also suggest the presence of alternate mechanisms of activation of nNOS, which might be operative in the absence of large changes in the concentration of cellular Ca$\^$2+/. The latter mechanisms are expected to be activated by m2, but not m4 muscarinic receptors. Both sets of findings are quits important in regards to refining the functional classification of muscarinic receptor subtypes and the cellular mechanisms of activation of NOS.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.475-488
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• 2011

Purpose: The aims of the study were to develop and to establish reliability in Korean versions of World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0(KWHODAS 2.0): 12 item-self(12-self) and 12 item-interviewer(12-interviewer) versions. Methods: KWHODAS 2.0: 12-item versions were developed in idiomatic modern Korean with a process involving independent translation, synthesis of the translations, independent back translation, and review by an expert committee to achieve equivalence with the original English. 88 participants were included in the study. 33 of participants filled the 12-self version twice to examine test-retest reliability and 55 of participants were assessed simultaneously by four interviewers using the 12-interviewer version. Intra-rater reliability was evaluated using the intra-class correlation coefficient(ICC) and inter-rater reliability was evaluated using both the ICC and k statistic. Results: Test-retest reliability for the 12-self version was excellent with $ICC_{(2,1)}$ value ranged from 0.94(CI 0.88-0.98) to 0.96(CI 0.90-0.98). Inter-rater reliability for the 12-interviewer version showed excellent agreement with $ICC_{(2,1)}$ from 0.94(CI 0.91-0.96) to 1(CI 1.0-1.0). K value was observed from 0.95 to 1. Conclusion: KWHODAS 2.0: 12-self and 12-interviewer versions were successfully translated and both scales showed excellent reliability. It is now suitable for use in clinical and research applications.