• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.491-497
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• 2015

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of mortality and long-term disability, which can decrease quality of life. In spite of numerous studies suggesting that Epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG) has been used as a therapeutic agent for a broad range of disorders, the effect of EGCG on TBI remains unknown. In this study, a weight drop model was established to evaluate the therapeutic potential of EGCG on TBI. Rats were administered with 100 mg/kg EGCG or PBS intraperitoneally. At different times following trauma, rats were sacrificed for analysis. It was found that EGCG (100 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment significantly reduced brain water content and vascular permeability at 12, 24, 48, 72 hour after TBI. Real-time PCR results revealed that EGCG inhibited TBI-induced IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression. Importantly, CD68 mRNA expression decreasing in the brain suggested that EGCG inhibited microglia activation. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry results showed that administering of EGCG significantly inhibited the levels of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. TBI-induced oxidative stress was remarkably impaired by EGCG treatment, which elevated the activities of SOD and GSH-PX. Conversely, EGCG significantly reduced the contents of MDA after TBI. In addition, EGCG decreased TBI-induced NADPH oxidase activation through inhibition of $p47^{phox}$ translocation from cytoplasm to plasma membrane. These data demonstrate that EGCG treatment may be an effective therapeutic strategy for TBI and the underlying mechanism involves inhibition of oxidative stress.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.51-59
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• 2009

Quantitative analysis of (+)-catechin (C), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and caffeine in commercial green tea was carried out by HPLC employing gradient elution of 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile on ODS column. The optimized HPLC method provided satisfactory linearity, accuracy and precision. The relationship between the concentration of the components and cultivated region of the commercial green tea was not significant, while the concentration of EGCG, ECG and caffeine decreased significantly in the later harvested green tea samples (p<0.01). Multivariate analysis of the components was performed in order to characterize and evaluate the cultivated region and harvest period-related variation. Hierarchical clustering and discriminant analysis were applied to classify the geographical and seasonal origins of the green tea samples. The classification accuracy of the cultivated region and harvest period by discriminant analysis was 95% and 91%, respectively, indicating that this method could be reliable and convenient for the quality control of herbal products with different origin.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.914-919
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• 2006

We investigated the catechin content in green tea leaf (GTL) and green tea seed (GTS), the antiproliferative and detoxifying phase II enzyme-inducing activities of the methanolic (80%, v/v) extracts from GTL and GTS. GTL and GTS contained $8,685{\pm}1,061$ and $108{\pm}32\;{\mu}g/g$ epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), $11,486{\pm}506$ and $116{\pm}72\;{\mu}g/g$ epigallocatechin (EGC), $3,535{\pm}308$ and $821{\pm}95\;{\mu}g/g$ epicatechin gallate (ECG), and $1,429{\pm}177$ and $37{\pm}44\;{\mu}g/g$ epicatechin (EC), respectively. The methanolic extract of GTS showed a greater increase in quinone reductase activity and antiproliferation potential against mouse hepatoma cells than GTL extract did. GTS treatment resulted in the accumulation at sub-G1 phase of mouse hepatoma hepa1c1c7 cells as assessed by flow cytometry. Enhancement of phase II enzyme activity by GTS extract was shown to be mediated, directly or indirectly, via interaction with the antioxidant response element (ARE) sequence in the genes encoding the phase enzymes. As the catechin content in GTS was significantly lower than that in GTL, components other than catechins appear to be responsible for the anticarcinogenic activity of the seed. In summary, these results suggest that the 80% methanolic extract of GTS deserves further study to evaluate its potential as an anticarcinogenic agent and to investigate its mechanism of action.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.10-19
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• 2006

Despite several recent attempts to measure the concentration of individual catechins by HPLC, it has not been so easy to separate catechins accurately. The aim of the present work is to provide a proper condition for separating each component of catechins by HPLC analysis, and also to evaluate the experimental variables including color differences, and metal ion contents after dyeing and mordanting. Four kinds of Catechins, (-)-epicatechin(EC), (-)-epicatechin gallate(ECG), (-)-epigallocatechin(EgC), (-)-epigallocatechin gllate(EgCG) were isolated from the residues after dyeing. Catechins in Korean green tea leaves are richer when e tea leaves are younger. Higher concentration of catechins owes it to e way it is processed. The contents of catechins adsorbed in silk fabrics after dyeing were in order of EGCG>ECG>EGC>EC. We have found $68\%$ uptake of EGCG, and 116.8mg of EGCG in the silk fabrics after it was dyed with $1\%$ Korean green tea extracts. The absorbance intensity and K/S values of dyed silk fabrics were increased with dyeing temperature and time. Only the surface color of the silk fabric dyed with green tea extracts was yellowish red, but it changed from yellowish red to red with an increase in the mordant concentration. Post-mordanted silk fabrics with ferrous sulfate changed from yellowish red to red and purple color shade. In a practical evaluation, there is no significant change in color after twenty times of the continuous dry cleaning process. However, post-mordanted fabrics with ferrous sulfate faded the brightness of color after dry cleaning. Dyeing silk fabrics with a Korean tea extract reduced the metal ion contents in the silk fabrics when compared to the untreated silk fabrics. Metal contents in silk fabrics dyed and post-mordanted with $1\%$ each metal solution were 0.194 ppm for Aluminum, 1.601ppm for Copper, and 0.334 ppm for Iron. After the post-mordanting process, the heavy metal ion absorption increased, which was mainly attributed to the catechins and polyphenols in dyed silk fabrics.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

In the present study, our aim was to determine whether green tea extract (GTE) and its major constituent, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have a protective effect on ethanol-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in NIH/3T3 and HepG2 cells. The cell viability and DNA single strand breaks were examined by MTT assay and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay), respectively. Ethanol decreased the cell viability and also increased DNA single strand breaks in a concentration-dependent manner. On the other hand, GTE showed the protective effect of cytotoxicity and DNA damage induced by ethanol in both cell lines. GTE and EGCG, were found to possess the anti-oxidative and anti-genotoxic activities by evaluation with DPPH test, LDL oxidation assay, oxidative DNA damage assay and 8OH-2'dG generation test. These results were also verified by the experimental results demonstrating the lower cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of commercial green tea liqueur compared to pure ethanol in same concentration. Thus it is concluded that the supplementation of GTE or EGCG may mitigate the ethanol-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.74-79
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• 2004

Little is known about the effect of epigallocatechin-3 gallate (ESCG), a major constituent of green tea, on the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Here, we studied the role of phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes in EGCG-induced COX-2 expression. Stimulation of human astrocytoma cells (U87) with EGCG induced formation of phosphatidylbutanol, a specific product of PLD activity, and synthesis of COX-2protein and its product, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$). Pretreatment of cells with 1-butanol, but not 3-butanol, suppressed EGCG-induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ synthesis. Furthermore, evidence that PLD was involved in EGCG-induced COX-2 expression w3s provided by the observations that COX-2 expression was stimulated by over-expression of PLD1 or PLD2 isozymes and treatment with phosphatidic acid(PA), and that prevention of PA dephosphorylation by 1-propranolol significantly potentiated COX-2expression Induced by EGCG. EGCG induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), and specific Inhibition of p38 MAPK dramatically abolished EGCG-Induced PLD activation, COX-2 expression, and $PGE_2$ formation. Moreover, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition suppressed EGCG-induced p38 MAPK activation, COX-2 expression, and $PGE_2$ accumulation. The same pathways as those obtained in the astrocytoma cells were active in primary rat astrocytes, suggesting the relevance of the findings. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that PLD isozymes mediate EGCG-induced COX-2 expression through PKC and p38 in immortalized astroglial line and normal astrocyte cells.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2007

Chronic treatment with olanzapine (OLZ), an atypical antipsychotic drug, is associated with the adverse effects of weight gain, hyperglycemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia. Green tea or epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the most abundant green tea polyphenols, significantly reduces or prevents an increase in glucose levels, lipid markers and/or body weight. We hypothesized that combined treatment with OLZ and green tea extract (GTE) or EGCG may prevent body weight gain and increase of the lipid markers. ICR male mice weighing an average of 30.51 g (n=32) at the beginning of the experiment were used. OLZ, OLZ+GTE and OLZ+EGCG were administered for 27 d in the drinking water, and then the levels of fasting glucose, nitric oxide (NO), and a typical lipid marker triglyceride (TG) were determined in plasma. The body weight and food intake were also compared. The chronic treatment of OLZ increased the average body weight compared with that of controls. In the presence of GTE or EGCG, the OLZ-induced increase in body weight was significantly prevented. Furthermore, in the OLZ group, the plasma levels of glucose, NO and TG were significantly increased, whereas GTE or EGCG prevented these increases. These results implicate that OLZ may induce systematic inflammatory reaction, and suggest that GTE or EGCG can protect against OLZinduced weight gain, hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1258-1262
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• 2009

Total phenolics and antioxidant properties of various Korean commercial vinegars (apple vinegar, AV; blueberry vinegar, BV; grape vinegar, GV; lemon vinegar, LV; Opuntia ficus vinegar, OFV; persimmon vinegar, PV; Prunus mume vinegar, PMV; rice vinegar, RV) were investigated. The total phenolic contents of 8 vinegars were within the range of 54.18-491.02${\mu}g/mL$. The vinegars were also capable of scavenging 1,1-dipehnyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals in a manner dependent on concentration. The greatest reducing power was observed in PV relative to the other vinegars. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) of PV, PMV, GV, and BV were 1.012, 0.969, 0.931, and 0.856 at a dose of 1 mL, respectively. Therefore, our study verified that the GV, PV, and PMV have powerful antioxidant activities which are correlated with its high level of phenolics, particularly gallic acid, and epigallocatechin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.959-967
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• 2003

The polyphenol compounds of Korean pears were extracted with 60% acetone for 4 days at room temperature and purified using Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, MCI gel column chromatography, Bondapak $C_{18}$ column chromatography, TLC, and HPLC. As a result, three compounds were isolated. The chemical structures of each compound were determined and identified using NMR, FAM-mass, and FT-IR. The compounds were confirmed as (+)-catechin (compound A), (+)-gallocatechin (compound B), (-)-epigallocatechin (compound C), and procyanidin B-3-3-o-gallate (compound D).

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2006

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is a key enzyme involved in tumor invasiveness. The plant of Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. is often included as an ingredient in various herbal remedies recommended for cancer theraphies in Korea. Various extracts prepared from stems of M. officinalis were tested for cytotoxic activity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, SK-Hep cells using the XTT assay method. Then, the inhibitory effect was examined on MMP-2 activity using gelatin zymography. Methanol (MeOH) extract of M. officinalis caused the strongest inhibition of the MMP-2 activity, as measured by gelatin zymography method for enzyme activity. $IC_{50}$ values of fractions on MMP-2 activity were in a range of $4.9{\sim}11.3\;{\mu}g/mL$. Among each fraction, butanol and ethylacetate (EtOAc) fractions showed the strong inhibitory activities ($IC_{50}=10.7\;and\;4.9\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively). When the M. officinalis's constituents such as magnolol, honokiol, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and ovovatol were examined for inhibitory effects on MMP-2 activity, EGCG showed strong inhibitory activity. However, MeOH extract of M. officinalis was dose-dependently inhibited to MMP-2 activity. The MeOH extract, hexane and EtOAc fractions $(IC_{50}\;of\;>200\;{\mu}g/mL)$ exhibited weak cytotoxicity activity, while butanol $(IC_{50}=80\;{\mu}g/mL)$ and chloroform fractions $(IC_{50}=90\;{\mu}g/mL)$ exhibited relatively strong cytotoxic activity. From these results, M. officinalis could be suitable for cancer treatment and chemopreventive drugs.