• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.943-950
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• 2003

홍국주의 제조방법을 재현하고 그의 기능성을 탐색하고자 Monascus purpureus, Monascus anka, Monascus araneosus의 홍국균으로 3종류의 쌀 홍국을 만들고 이를 이용하여 6종류의 홍국주를 제조하여 발효과정중의 성분변화를 분석하고 제조한 홍국주의 총 페놀 함량, 전자공여능에 의한 항산화 활성, 아질산염소거능, ACE 저해효과를 측정하여 생리적기능성을 서로 비교 검토하였다. 홍국주 제조용 홍국의 효소활성은 Monascus purpureus로 제조한 홍국이 모든 효소활성에서 다른 두 종류의 홍국보다 더 높았다. 발효 기간에 따른 홍국주의 pH는 pH $3.65{\sim}4.05$ 부근이었고 홍국의 종류와 사용량이 pH 변화에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 총산의 변화는 $0.3{\sim}0.7%$ 부근으로 변화가 적었다. 환원당은 발효기간 중 계속 감소하여 누룩으로만 담금한 대조구의 경우 발효 10일 에 환원당의 함량이 1%로 낮아졌으나 홍국의 사용비율이 높을수록 발호속도가 빨라, 홍국과 누룩으로 담금한 경우는 8일, 홍국만으로 담금한 술덧은 발효 6일에 환원당의 함량이 1%정도가 되었다. 에칠 알코올은 발효 6일에 누룩으로만 담금한 대조구는 10.8%를, 홍국과 누룩으로 담금한 홍국주는 $12{\sim}12.5%$를, 홍국만으로 담금한 홍국주의 경우는 $12.8{\sim}13.3%$를 나타내 홍국의 함량이 높을수록 발효가 빠르게 진행되었으며 이중 Monascus purpureus 홍국만으로 담금한 홍국주가 알코올 생성능이 가장 좋았다. 홍국주의 적색도(a값)는 발효가 진행되는 동안 적색도는 전반적으로 증가하여 +16이 되었다. 홍국주의 총 페놀 함량은 Monascus purpureus 홍국만으로 제조한 것이 20.55 mg%로 가장 높았으며 Monascus araneosus 홍국과 누룩을 혼합하여 제조한 홍국주가 10.25 mg%로 가장 낮았다 전자공여능에 의한 항산화 활성은 $14.50{\sim}30.25%$를 나타내었으나 홍국첨가량이 증가할수록 항산화력은 뛰어났다. 아질산염 소거능은 누룩으로만 담금한 대조구의 경우 18.25%로 홍국의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 소폭의 향상을 보여 $19.25{\sim}28.65%$이었다. 대조구의 ACE 저해활성은 20.55%이었고 홍국 사용량에 따라 활성이 증가하였으며 ACE 저해활성은 각각 $24.66{\sim}50.13%$로 홍국주의 제조방법에 따라 그 차이가 컸다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.207-217
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• 2011

Objectives : In a previous study, we have shown that Gagam-Gongjin-Dan(GGD) has an inhibitory effect on the ovalbumin-induced immune responses and a hepatoprotective effect on actaminophen-induced liver injury in Balb/c Mice. However, the possible anti-inflammatory effect of GGD extract for inflammatory mediators was not reported. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate an inhibitory effects of GGD extract against lipopolysaccharides(LPS) induced inflammatory mediators in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Methods : GGD extract was prepared by extracting with methanol for 7 days. The extract was freeze-dried following filtration through vacuum distillation system. Accumulated nitrite, an oxidative product of nitric oxide(NO), was measured in the culture medium by the Griess reaction. The levels of prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$, interleukin-$1{\beta}$(IL-$1{\beta}$), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) were measured by Western blot analysis. Results : GGD extract (50-$400\;{\mu}g$/ml) per se had no cytotoxic effect in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. GGD extract dose-dependently reduced NO, $PGE_2$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ production and COX-2 activity caused by stimulation of LPS. The levels of iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions were markedly suppressed by the treatment with GGD extract in a dose dependent manner. Conclusions : These results suggest that GGD extract has an anti-inflammatory effect against LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in peritoneal macrophages, these properties may contribute to inflammation disease care.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.179-187
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• 2010

This study examined ways to improve the functional properties of commercial soy sauce using gelatin hydrolysates from the refiner discharge of Alaska pollock, Theragra chalcogramma. The total nitrogen content and pH of gelatin sauce prepared by dissolving the second-step gelatin hydrolysates (15 g), salt (20 g), sugar (5 g), glucose (2.5 g), inosine monophosphate (IMP) (0.5 g), black pepper (0.1 g), caramel powder (0.1 g), ginger powder (0.05 g), garlic powder (0.05 g), vinegar (3 mL), and fructose (3 mL) in water(100 mL) were 1.71% and 5.35, respectively. The results of a sensory evaluation indicated that when preparing blended soy sauce, the optimal blending ratio of gelatin sauce to commercial soy sauce was 20:80 (v/v). Because the total nitrogen content and pH of the blended soy sauce were 1.52% and 5.31, respectively, the blended soy sauce could be sold as a soy sauce. The oxidative property of the blended soy sauce was similar to that of 20 mM ascorbic acid, and its angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) -inhibiting activity was 1.5 mg/mL. The results suggest that the antioxidative and ACE-inhibiting activities of commercial soy sauce can be improved by blending gelatin sauce (20) with commercial soy sauce (80). The total amino acid content of the blended soy sauce was 9,107.3 mg/mL, which was higher than that (8,992.4 mg/100 mL) of commercial soy sauce. However, the taste value of the blended soy sauce was 415.8, which was lower than that (431.2) of commercial soy sauce.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2018

Purpose: Methamphetamine is an ongoing illegal drug problem worldwide, and its use in South Korea has spread over the last few years. In this study, a clinical review of patients who visited emergency medical centers with positive methamphetamine tests was conducted. Methods: Patients underwent methamphetamine screening based on physician suspicion over a period of 13 years. Their patient characteristics, clinical features, and drug administration properties were described. Results: A total of 297 patients were included, with 19 positive methamphetamine results. Patient age ranged from 21 to 84, with a mean of 37.52. Additionally, 13 were male and 6 were female. The mean BP, PR, RR were 131/82 mmHg, 94/min, 20/min. Saturation levels were all over 95%. Five patients had a psychiatric history. Patient showed varied symptoms ranging from mental changes to chest discomfort. In addition, seven showed abnormal electrocardiography findings and one showed elevated cardiac enzyme levels. Other laboratory results revealed no significantly abnormal results. Six patients also suffered from related trauma. The majority of patients consumed the methamphetamine orally, with unknown motivation at unknown locations. Most were transported by 119 and six patients co-ingested other drugs. Conclusion: Patients who showed positive results to a methamphetamine screening test in Korea visited the emergency medical center mostly by 119 and were unaware of or reluctant to reveal the fact that they had ingested methamphetamine. Emergency physicians should be more aware of the possibility that a patient may have consumed methamphetamine.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.757-766
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• 2012

향미가 우수한 100년 묵은 재래 간장에서 부터 강력한 항진균 활성(antifungal)균주를 분리 동정하여 Bacillus velelzensis SSH100-10으로 명명하였다. B. velezensis SSH100-10은 식품 위해 및 식품 변패곰팡이에 대한 항곰팡이 활성과 장류에 이취를 주는 산막효모 등에 대한 항효모 활성이 동시에 있으며, 강력한 단백분해활성을 나타내었다. NaCl 내염성도 우수하여 12% NaCl 농도하에서도 생육 48시간에 $A_{600}$에서 3.51의 생육도를 나타내었다. 또한 최근 Bacillus subtilis group 중 일부 균주에서 설사형 독소인 enterotixon을 나타내는 균주들에 대한 보고가 증가함에 따라, 안전성검증의 일환으로 enterotoxin 생성 여부를 조사하였을 때, 본 분리 균주는 enterotoxin 검지반응에서 음성을 나타내었다. B. velezensis SSH100-10이 생산하는 항진균 활성물질을 SPE, preparative HPLC, reverse phase-HPLC로 정제 후, MALDI-TOF-MS와 아미노산 조성 분석을 통하여 그 항진균 원인 물질이 $C_{14}$ iturin A와 $C_{15}$ iturin A 임을 구명하였다. 또한 B. velezensis SSH100-10의 배양상징액과 분리 정제된 항진균 물질 $C_{14}$ iturin A와 $C_{15}$ iturin A와 대조구로 시판되는 $C_{14{\sim}15}$ iturin A의 pH, 온도, 효소 안정성 실험을 통하여 B. velezensis SSH100-10은 pH, 열, 효소처리에 매우 안정한 iturin A 이외에도 pH에 불안정한 또 다른 구명되지 않은 항진균 물질을 생산함을 보고하였다. 본 연구에서 보고된 강력한 항진균 활성을 지니는 B. velezensis SSH100-10은 맛있는 발효과정의 종균으로서의 작용과 더불어 콩발효식품에서 유해요소가 될 수 있는 바람직하지 못한 미생물을 제어함으로서 콩발효식품의 안전과 위생수준을 개선할 수 있는 우수한 종균으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 1990

To investigate the etiology, pathogenicity and virological properties of NYJ-1-87 strain of Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) that was isolated from the diseased piglet in Korea, the virus at $10^{6.0}TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ was inoculated intranasally and subcutaneously into 30 to 35 days-old piglets. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows. 1. Ten of the infected piglets were clinically observed for 15 days. On the 2nd day post-inoculation(pi), the signs of pyrexia, anorexia and convulsion were noted. On the 4th to 7th days pi, nervous signs of incoordination and intermittent spasm were shown in the most of piglets, and one out of 5 piglets infected intranasally was died with severe nervous signs at the 7th day pi. The signs became relieved on the 8th day pi and all of remainder were completely recovered on the 13th to 14th days pi. 2. In hematological study, prominent decrease in the number of total leukocyte and lymphocyte was shown in the ADV-infected piglets on the 6th day pi. On the 8th day pi, the cell numbers were slightly increased and returned to normal level on the 10th day pi. 3. Viral excretion of the ADV-inoculated piglets was examined by swabbing of nasal and oral cavities, and rectal feces. During the periods of the 3rd to 11th days pi, the virus was excreted intermittently from nasal and oral cavities, and rectal feces. The nasal excretions were shown the highest virus concentration of $10^{5.2}TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ at the 5th day pi. 4. Recovery of the inoculated virus from various organs of the piglets that were died or experimentally slaughtered was attempted, and the virus was isolated from the tissues of brain and tonsil by the cultured cell-inoculation method. The highest recovery rate was noted in the tonsil. By indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay using ADV-monoclonal antibody, the viral antigens were detected in tissues of spleen and liver as well as brain and tonsil on the 7th to 9th days pi. The virus was not isolated from blood and the tissues of lung and kidney throughout the experiments. 5. Titers of virus neutralizing antibody in the piglets experimentally infected with ADV became increased after the 6th to 9th days pi in both of intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation showing the highest titers of 64 to 128 on the 29th day pi. When the antibody levels were measured by radial immunodiffusion enzyme assay, the reactive diameter was enlarged to be positive after the 4th to 6th days pi in both of intranasal and subcutaneous inoculation showing the largest diameter of 13 to 14mm on the 29th day pi.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2008

Agar로부터 oligosaccharides를 제조하기 위하여 효소(agarase)를 이용한 분해법이 시도되면서 agarase의 균주의 분리 및 유전자에 대한 많은 연구가 수행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 해양으로부터 agarase를 생성하는 균주를 분리 동정하고 균주의 특성을 조사하였다. 분리된 균주는 VITEK 2 compact version 분석 결과 Sphingomonas paucimobilis AS-1로 동정되었다. 정제된 효소의 최적 활성 조건 및 agar 분해산물의 항산화활성을 조사하였다. 분리된 균주의 최적배양조건은 marine broth 2216에서 온도 $27^{\circ}C$, pH 7일 때 가장 균주의 생육이 높았다. Agarase 효소는 salt침전, ion exchange와 gel filtration chromatography에 의해 114.4 units/mg으로 104배 정제되었다. 정제된 agarase의 SDS-PACE 결과 분자량이 약 80 kDa의 band를 얻었다. 최적 효소활성은 온도 $40^{\circ}C$, pH 7일 때 나타났다. Agar 첨가한 배지에 agar 분해균을 접종한 후 분해산물의 시간에 따른 항산화활성은 12시간 배양 후 72%의 가장 높은 전자소거능(EDA)을 나타내었다. Agar 분해산물은 식중독균의 생육은 저해하는 것으로 나타났으며 젖산균의 생육은 약간 촉진하는 경향을 나타냈다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.388-395
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 콩 발효 산물 추출물의 항염증 효능에 관한 기초 자료를 제시하기 위하여 PMA에 의해 유도되는 COX-2의 발현 및 $PGE_2$의 생성 증가에 미치는 이들 추출물의 영향을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 조사된 3가지 콩 발효 산물은 PMA에 의한 COX-2의 발현 증가를 매우 유의적으로 차단하였으며, 이는 $PGE_2$의 생성 억제와 연관성이 있었다. 아울러 PMA에 의한 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성 증가 또한 콩 발효 산물들에 의하여 유의적으로 억제되었다. 이러한 결과들은 콩 발효 산물에 의한 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성의 억제가 COX-2의 발현을 저하시켰으며, 이로 인한 $PGE_2$의 생성이 억제된 것으로 추정되어진다. 이러한 콩 발효 산물의 항염증 효과는 대두 추출물보다 아가콩 추출물에서 더욱 효과가 높게 나타났으며, 이는 향후 아가콩 추출물은 염증성 질환 예방/치료를 위한 적용 가능성이 매우 우수함을 제시하여 주는 결과이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.399-404
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• 1996

Liposome내에 효소를 포집시켜서 식품가공공정에 응용하기 위하여 모델 효소로서 Iysozyme을 선택하여 dehydration-rehydration법으로 미세캡술화시킬 때 조제 조건이 포집효율에 미치는 영향을 검토하고 외부 환경 인자의 변화 및 유출 촉진제의 첨가가 liposome 내의 효소의 유출에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. MLV 현탁액을 bath sonicator에서 100 kHz로 2시간 초음파 처리했을 때 1ozyme의 포집효율이 90.9%로 가장 높았다. 초기 효소 첨가량을 증가시킴으로써 단위 지방질당 포집 효소량은 거의 비례적으로 증가하였으나 포집효율은 감소하여 1osozyme 50 mg/100 mg soy lecithin일 때 68% 수준까지 급격히 감소하였으나, 그 이상의 실험농도 범위에서는 매우 완만하였다. 효소를 포집한 liposome은 $37^{\circ}C$, pH 5.9에 저장하였을때에 가장 안정하였고 산성일수록 유출속도는 현저히 증가하였으며 일정한 속도로 지속적으로 유출되었다. Tween 80 1.0%와 흔합했을 때 초기 24시간 동안에는 급격히 유출되었으나 시간이 경과할수록 완만히 유출되어 72시간 경과 후 85%까지 유출되었다. 또한 $Ca^{2+}$ ion을 25-5OmM첨가했을 때 초기 1시간동안 급격히 유출되었으나 그 이후에는 완만히 유출되었다.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.23-39
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• 2014

Objectives PRAL (Prunus armniaca Linne Var) is a herbal formula in Oriental Medicine, known for its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergenic properties. However, its mechanism of action and the cellular targets have not yet been found enough. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of PRAL on Th2 cytokines expression in MC/9 mast cells. Methods The effect of PRAL was analyzed by ELISA, Real-time PCR, Western blot in MC/9 mast cells. mRNA levels of GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ were analyzed with Real-time PCR. Levels of IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). NFAT, AP-1 and NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 were examined by Western blot analysis. Results PRAL inhibited GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression in a dose dependent manner. GM-CSF, IL-4, IL-5 mRNA expression were inhibited significantly in comparison to DNP-IgE control group at concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ and IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression were inhibited at concentration of 50 ${\mu}g/ml$, 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. PRAL also inhibited the IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production significantly in comparison to DNP-IgE control group in a dose dependent manner. IL-13 production was inhibited at a concentration of 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and MIP-$1{\alpha}$ was inhibited at a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, 400 ${\mu}g/ml$. Western blot analysis of transcription factors involving Th2 cytokines expression revealed prominent decrease of the mast cell specific transcription factors including NFAT-1, c-Jun as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 but not NFAT-2 and c-Fos. Conclusion These results indicate that PRAL has the effect of suppressing Th2 cytokines production in the MC/9 mast cells. These data represent that PRAL potentiates therapeutic activities to the allergic disease by regulating Th2 cytokines in the MC/9 mast cells.